foF2 Diurnal Variability at African Equatorial Stations: Dip Equator Secular Displacement Effect
Doua A. Gnabahou, Frédéric Ouattara, Emmanuel Nanéma, François Zougmoré
1Laboratoire d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Sciences Expérimentales et Mathématiques, Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Koudougou, Koudougou, Burkina Faso 2Laboratoire des Matériaux et Environnement, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
1Laboratoire d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Sciences Expérimentales et Mathématiques, Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Koudougou, Koudougou, Burkina Faso 2Laboratoire des Matériaux et Environnement, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 3Institut de Recherches en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Laboratoire des Matériaux et Environnement, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2013.48108   PDF    HTML   XML   3,936 Downloads   5,793 Views   Citations

Abstract

The paper goal is to analyze the variability of foF2 at African equatorial stations and the effect of dip angle on this variability. The gap between the dip angle of Dakar and Ouagadougou is superior to that between Djibouti and Ouagadougou. The trend of the dip angle at Ouagadougou and Dakar decreases while that of Djibouti increases. The relative position of the station with respect to the equator and the trend sign explains the difference observed in foF2 variability at Dakar station and at the two other stations. At Djibouti and Ouagadougou, foF2 exhibits noon bite out profile during all solar cycle phases while at Dakar observed profile is dome or plateau during the maximum and the predominance afternoon peak for the other solar cycle phases.

Share and Cite:

D. Gnabahou, F. Ouattara, E. Nanéma and F. Zougmoré, "foF2 Diurnal Variability at African Equatorial Stations: Dip Equator Secular Displacement Effect," International Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 4 No. 8, 2013, pp. 1145-1150. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2013.48108.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] H. Rishbeth and M. Mendillo, “Pattern of F2-Layer Variability,” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 63, No. 15, 2001, pp. 1661-1680.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00036-0
[2] D. Pancheva, N. Mitchell, R. R. Clark, J. Drobjeva and J. Lastovicka, “Variability in the Maximum Height of the Ionospheric F2-Layer over Millstone (September 1998-March 2000); Influence from Below and Above,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 20, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1807-1819.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1807-2002
[3] J. Lei, J. P. Thayer, J. M. Forbes, et al., “Ionosphere Response to Solar Wind High-Speed Streams,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, No. 19, 2008, Article ID: L19105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035208
[4] T. Atac, A. Ozgüc and R. Pektas, “The Variability of foF2 in Different Phases of Solar Cycle 23,” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 71, No. 5, 2009, pp. 583-589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.01.004
[5] F. Ouattara, C. Amory-Mazaudier, R. Fleury, P. Lassudrie-Duchesne, P. Vila and M. Petitdidier, “West African Equatorial Ionospheric Parameters Climatology Based on Ouagadougou Ionosonde Station Data from June 1966 to February 1998,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 27, 2009, pp. 2503-2514.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2503-2009
[6] O. K. Obrou, M. N. Mene, A. T. Kobea and K. Z. Zaka, “Equatorial Total Electron Content (TEC) at Low and High Solar Activity,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 43, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1757-1761.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2008.04.019
[7] A. Ozgüc, T. Atac and R. Pektas, “Examination of the Solar Cycle Variation of foF2 for Cycles 22 and 23,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 70, No. 2-4, 2008, pp. 268-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.016
[8] T. T. Pham, C. Amory-Mazaudier and M. Le Huy, “Time Variations of the Ionosphere at the Northern Tropical Crest of Ionization at Phu Thuy, Vietnam,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2011, pp. 197-207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-197-2011
[9] F. Ouattara and J. L. Zerbo, “Ouagadougou Station F2 Layer Parameters Yearly and Seasonal Variations during Severe Geomagnetic Storms Generated by CMEs and Fluctuating Wind Streams,” International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 20, 2011, pp. 4854-4860.
[10] F. Ouattara and C. A. Mazaudier, “Statistical Study of the Diurnal Variation of the Equatorial F Layer at Ouagadougou from 1966 to 1998,” Journal of Space Weather Space Climate, Vol. 2, No. A19, 2012, pp. 1-10.
[11] D. A. Gnabahou, A. G. Elias and F. Ouattara, “Long-Term Trend of foF2 at a West-African Equatorial Station Linked to Greenhouse Gases Increase and Dip Equator Secular Displacement,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 118, No. 6, 2013, pp. 3909-3913.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50381
[12] F. Ouattara, “IRI-2007 foF2 Predictions at Ouagadougou Station during Quiet Time Periods from 1985 to 1995,” Archives of Physics Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2013, pp. 12-18.
[13] K. L. Jones, “Storm Time Variation of the F2 Layers Electron Concentration,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1971, pp. 379-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(71)90143-7
[14] K. L. Jones and H. Risbeth, “The Origin of Storm Increases of Midlatitude F-Layer Electron Concentration,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 33, No. 9, 1971, pp. 391-401.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(71)90144-9
[15] C. Lal, “Global F2 Layer Ionization and Geomagnetic Activity,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. A8, 1992, pp. 12153-12159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JA00325
[16] E. A. Araujo-Pradere, “foF2 Frequency Bands in el Cerrillo, Mexico during Magnetically Quiet Conditions,” Revista Brasileira de Geofísica, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-261X1997000200006
[17] C. Lal, “Contribution of Solar Wind and Equinoctial Maxima in Geophysical Phenomena,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 60, No. 10, 1998, pp. 1017-1024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00046-7
[18] O. K. Obrou, J. O. Adeniyi, A. T. Kobea and B. Moukassa, “Electron Density Profile Parameters B0 and B1 Response during a Magnetic Disturbance at Equatorial Latitude,” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 67, No. 5, 2005, pp. 515-519.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.11.001
[19] M. Le Huy, C. T. Nguyen, T. L. Tran, R. Fleury, P. L. Duchesne, A. Bourdillon, C. Amory-Mazaudier, N. N. Tran and T. L. Hoang, “The Effect of the Geomagnetic Storm on the Ionospheric Total Electron Content in the Southeast Asian Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Region Observed by the GPS Data,” Journal of Sciences of the Earth, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2007, pp. 104-112.
[20] D. H. Zhang, X. H. Mo, L. Cai, et al., “Impact Factor for the Ionospheric Total Electron Content Response to Solar Flare Irradiation,” Journal of Geophysical Research A, Vol. 116, No. 4, 2011, Article ID: A04311.
[21] F. Ouattara and R. Fleury, “Variability of CODG TEC and IRI 2001 Total Electron Content (TEC) during IHY Campaign Period (21 March to 16 April 2008) at Niamey under Different Geomagnetic Activity Conditions,” Scientific Research and Essays, Vol. 6, No. 17, 2011, pp. 3609-3622.
[22] H. Huang and K. Cheng, “Solar Cycle Variations of the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly in Total Electron Content in the Asians Region,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 101, No. A11, 1996, pp. 24513-24520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JA01297
[23] D. Bilitza, O. K. Obrou, J. O. Adeniyi and O. Olapido, “Variability of foF2 in the Equatorial Ionosphere,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34, 2004, pp. 1901-1906.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.08.004
[24] A. Ozgüc, T. Atac and R. Pektas, “Examination of the Solar Cycle Variation of foF2 for Cycles 22 and 23,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 70, No. 2-4, 2008, pp. 268-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.016
[25] F. Ouattara, A. Gnabahou and C. A. Mazaudier, “Seasonal, Diurnal and Solar-Cycle Variations of Electron Density at Two West Africa Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Stations,” International Journal of Geophysics, 2012, Article ID: 640463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/640463
[26] N. Thiam, F. Ouattara, A. Gnabahou, C. A. Mazaudier, R. Fleury and P. L. Duchesne, “Variation de la Fréquence Critique de la Couche F2 (foF2) de la Station de Dakar avec le Cycle Solaire,”Journal of Science, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2012, pp. 16-20.
[27] A. Gnabahou and F. Ouattara, “Ionosphere Variability from 1957 to 1981 at Djibouti Station,” European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 73, No. 3, 2012, pp. 382-390.
[28] S. S. Kouris, P. A. Bradley and I. K. Nissopoulos, “The Relationships of foF2 and M(3000)F2 versus R12,” Proceedings of the COST 238/PRIME/Workshop, Eindhoven, 1994, pp. 155-167.
[29] E. Sambou, P. M. Vila and A. T. Kobea, “Non-Trough foF2 Enhancements at Near-Equatorial Dip Latitudes,” Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1998, pp. 711-720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0711-8
[30] J. O. Adeniyi and I. A. Adimula, “Comparing the F2 Layer Model of IRI with Observations at Ibadan,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1995, pp. 1441-1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(99)80036-2
[31] J. R. de Souza, G. J. Batley, M. A. Abdu and I. S. Batista, “Comparison of Low Latitude F Region Peak Densities, Heights and Equatorial ExB Drift from IRI with Obervational Data and the Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 18, 1996, pp. 41-44.
[32] L. Zou, H. Rishbeth, I. C. F. Muller-Wodarg, A. D. Aylward, G. H. Millward, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, D. W. Idenden and R. J. Moffett, “Annual and Semiannual Variations in the Ionospheric F2-Layer. I. Modelling,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 18, 2000, pp. 927-944.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0927-8
[33] I. S. Batista and M. A. Abdu, “Ionospheric Variability at Brazilian Low and Equatorial Latitudes: Comparison between Observations and IRI Model,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1894-1900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.04.012
[34] D. Bilitza, O. K. Obrou, J. O. Adeniyi and O. Olapido, “Variability of foF2 in the Equatorial Ionosphere,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34, 2004, pp. 1901-1906.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.08.004
[35] D. N. Fotiadis, G. M. Baziakos and S. S. Kouris, “On the Global Behaviour of the Day-To-Day MUF Variation,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 33, No. 6, 2004, pp. 893-901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.005
[36] I. S. Batista and M. A. Abdu, “Ionospheric Variability at Brazilian Low and Equatorial Latitudes: Comparison between Observations and IRI Model,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1894-1900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.04.012
[37] F. Ouattara, C. Zoundi and R. Fleury, “Comparison between CODG TEC and GPS Based TEC Observations at Koudougou Station in Burkina Faso,” Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2012, pp. 617-623.
[38] E. Nanéma, A. Maute, F. Ouattara and A. Richmond, “NmF2 Seasonal Time Variation during the Maximum and Minimum Phases of the Solar Cycle 22: Comparison between Ouagadougou NmF2 Data and TIEGCM NmF2 Predictions,” Physical Review and Research International, Submitted.
[39] J. M. Faynot and P. Villa, “F Region at the Magnetic Equator,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 35, 1979, pp. 1-9.
[40] H. Rishbeth, “The F-Layer Dynamo,” Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1971, pp. 263-267.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(71)90205-4
[41] B. G. Fejer, “The Equatorial Ionospheric Electric Fields: A Review,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 43, No. 5-6, 1981, pp. 377-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(81)90101-X
[42] B. G. Fejer, D. T. Farley, R. F. Woodman and C. Calderon, “Dependence of Equatorial F Region Vertical Drifts on Season and Solar Cycle,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, No. A10, 1979, p. 5792.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JA084iA10p05792
[43] D. T. Farley, E. Bonell, B. G. Fejer and M. F. Larsen, “The Pre-Reversal Enhancement of the Zonal Electric Field in the Equatorial Ionosphere,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, No. A12, 1986, pp. 723-728.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA12p13723

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.