1. INTRODUCTION
Recently human brain neural networks have been paid much attention from the view point of the information treatment process [1,2].
In the course of biological evolution well developed animals have neural networks of brain and they show a self-sustained electromagnetic oscillations of the EEG, and one of the authors Aoki previously reported an observation of the EEG at the most primitive invertebrate planarian [3] where its frequency spectrum was found in a broad continuum differently from specific peak character of the human being, probably as due to the substantial feed-back effect of the neural net-work [3].
Human EEG presents several patterns e.g. alphabetaand delta-waves, following to the mental situations and alpha wave corresponds to the rest state in comfort, and shows frequency spectrum curve of one or two sharp peaks at 8 - 13 Hz accompanied with some tail in the lower frequency side.
Regarding the generating mechanism of this EEG, successive firing of synaptic neuronal network has been discussed in terms of the coupling synapse-number, and strength, and the firing threshold level [3]. Accordingly, another author Satoh set up a scheme based on the McCulloch-Pitts model and succeeded in calculation of the alpha spectrum feature [4].
For participants under EEG observations, photo stimulation of repeating flash-light is applied and brings a response to the EEG spectrum through the retina and optic nerve.
In case of the mechanical circuits, superposing of both oscillations takes place and resonates only just at the same frequency, however the neuronal system shows more soft characteristics as expressed by the chaotic dynamics [5]. That is when the light flashing frequency; ωex approaches near to the intrinsic alpha peak frequency; ωα, the alpha peak component is entrained to the light flashing spectrum peak. As the result, alpha peak intensity Iα is weakened and the stimulation peak intensity Iex is enhanced. Those characteristics are here reported with a remarkable spectrum change.
2. EXPERIMENTS
For the participants, 5 numbers of normal sensitive adults (male students; 19 - 32 years), and 10 photo-sensitive children (7 - 15 years; previously experienced discomfort by observing flashing TV display and inquiring to the hospital) were adopted, and the EEG observations were undertaken at the inspection laboratory of the hospital (the Seikei-kai H., the Osaka Prefectural H. and the Sakai Municipal H.).
Before this experiment with light flashing, it was informed that if the participant feels any occurrence of discomfort soon it should be reported to the operator, then the observation would be stopped at once and appropriate care would be applied. This was consented by all the participants.
The equipment system of this EEG observation is presented schematically in Figure 1.
The Ag/AgCl electric terminals were attached onto the head of the participants, at the O2 site and the right ear lobe for the monopole-induction (<500 K∙Ohm). After processing with usual EEG waveform analyzer with a band-pass filter of 1 Hz ~ 40 Hz, the signal was stored in a digital recorder (Sony Precision Technology Inc. #PC- 204Ax; 0 - 20 kHz), and then introduced to a digital FFT analyzer (Advantest Co. Japan digital spectrum analyzer #TR9407) for frequency spectrum analysis.
For observation of the photo-stimulation effect, flashing light (white) was illuminated from 30 cm above the closed eyelid. The stimulation was continued 1 minute with 1minute interval for each 1Hz step of the 1 ~ 20 Hz frequency range.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Intrinsic EEG Spectrum without Photo Irradiation
The every five normal participants showed a similar frequency spectrum as shown in Figure 2 (upper), which presented a sharp single peak ωα, and the photo-sensitive participants showed rather broad peak with some plateau tail at lower frequency site of 7 - 10 Hz as shown in Figure 2 (lower).
3.2. EEG Spectrum Observed under Flashing Illuminations
With use of the flashing light apparatus in Figure 1, photo stimulation was applied and the repetition frequency ωex was changed step-likely in the range of 1 - 19 Hz, and the relevant EEG spectra are observed as shown in Figure 3. Here to be noted is that at the corresponding frequency ωex, a sharp peak appears independently from the intrinsic ωα peaks when they are well apart from each other. Now the ωex is increased from the lower site and near to the ωα an interaction takes place between the both components.
Different from the human being, we have also observed similar kind of effect in planaria, which has sensitivity not to light but skin vibrations due to water waves, and the EEG has been observed under skin vibration stimulation, and similarly accompanied with sharp line spectrum of the vibrations [3].
As is shown in Figure 3 (left, and right) the ωα components are entrained and its peak height Iα is depressed,
Figure 1. Diagram of the EEG observation equipments under photo-stimulation.
Figure 2. Intrinsic EEG frequency spectrum.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. EEG frequency spectrum under flashing stimulation.
and in exchange, the corresponding height Iex is increased. When they come near closer, it goes into a giant peak, and the peak-frequency is not ωα but the ωex.
Moreover, when ωex exceeds beyond the ωα, the entrainment effect decreases rapidly, and the peak height Iα recovers as is shown in Figures 3(a) and (b). This asymmetric character between the range of ωex < ωα and ωα < ωex is one of the most remarkable point of this report.
In order to express this result clearly, the peak heights Iex and Iα are plotted against ωex in Figure 4. Here we recognize that as goes the entraining, Iα decreases and Iex increases alternatively, and this effect is more significant at ωex < ωα.
In comparison among the photo-sensitive’s in Figures 2 and 3 and the normal’s in Figures 4 and 5, it turns out that the effect is more significant in the photo-sensitive children, and the normal adults show rather slightly and limited only when ωex comes from the lower side and well close to ωα.
4. DISCUSSION
As for the EEG spectrum, one of the authors, K. Satoh has investigated the characteristics from the view point of a brain neural net-work model [6], and attempted to compute an intrinsic pulse propagation along the neurons through the synaptic junctions having various connection parameters, and succeeded in realizing a self excited oscillation mode having a similar frequency spectrum pattern with the α-wave [4], by setting a couple of many parameters. e.g., total number of the neurons N = 103 in the oscillating zone, average number of the synaptic junctions n = 10 of each neuronal cell, the action potential W = 1.67, and the refractory period q = 3.
Figure 4. The EEG spectrum peak heights Iex & Iα with flashing frequency ωex.
Figure 5. Comparison of the EEG alpha spectrum between the calculated (a) and the observed (b).
As the parameter N, W and the q become large, the firing continues go and back, and then he succeeded to obtain a self sustaining stationary oscillation mode [6]. Moreover a similar pattern of the alpha spectrum was realized [4] as shown in Figure 5, which is characterized by an asymmetric component in the peak and also by the low frequency side continuum spectrum.
In Figure 3, we can observe that the spectrum component is enhanced in the lower frequency side. This character is also seen in the intrinsic α spectrum in Figure 2, which shows also the low frequency side tail and the asymmetric shape of the peak.
As for the reason of this character, it is considered that in the low frequency ω range, the firing period τ = 1/ω = Nδt (where intrinsic synapse transit time δt is as small as 1 ~ 2 msec) is long, and then the oscillating frequency ω range is lowered by the large N of the regarding neuronal region in the brain [3].
The cause of this low-frequency side advantage in the entrainment is understood as follows. For the lower frequency range, the synapse numbers regarding the self oscillating mode is enlarged and the relevant firing region contains large number of the synapse network.
On the other hand, in the higher frequency range the containing synapse number is smaller and the sustaining oscillation is some limited in a local region with smaller synaptic numbers, and then less stable by the fluctuations.
From this view point, the low frequency side advantage in the entrainment effect, and the enhancement of the lower-side spectrum (ωex < ωα) as seen in Figures 2-4 can be understood.
In comparison, the higher frequency of (ωα < ωex) range, the number N is rather small, and any stable mode relating to the small loop or limit cycle in the phase space will be difficult to be well maintained.
When the synaptic junction number n goes to large, the synaptic connections become multi-dimensionally entangled and the oscillating loop [7] approaches shorter due to e.g. surface mode of the volumetric region, which brings effective number as small as N2/3 ~ 102. In that case, the frequency ω = (Nδt)−1 = 10 Hz is obtained and it agrees well with the observed α-wave frequency of 8 - 13 Hz.
In case of the alpha wave spectrum having two peaks as shown in Figure 3, it may be considered as due to the sub-domain structure in the real synapse region, or double strange attractors in the chaotic phase-space [5], and then the corresponding point is jumping go and back among them. In case of these meta-stable state, the ωα can be easily entrained by any stimulation of ωex. Really these two-peaks α spectrum can be sometimes observed in the photo-sensitive patients.
The α-waves in EEG can be observed usually in the rest state of comfort, and has been paid attention from the view point of mental health [8]. Usually the EEG is surveyed by the time sweep waveforms as shown in Figure 6, where we can observe almost regular 10 waves in the one second sweeping range. Really in this case, the object is comfortable by hearing natural rhythmical sound in the rest state. However, the EEG frequency spectrum analysis reveals that an entrainment of the α component ωα takes place to the extrinsic stimulation peak ωex as seen in Figure 6(b). it is worthy to note that the prominent regular waves in Figure 6(a) of time sweep scale dominantly comes from the stimulation ωex but not by the intrinsic α-component which may supposed from the waveform of Figure 6(a). From this result, it should be commented that for the EEG investigations, the frequency spectrum analysis must be considered as essentially important [2,8].
5. CONCLUSIONS
1) In comparison of a computational result with the observed EEG alpha-spectrum, we could get a reasonable agreement. Accordingly the EEG wave generating mechanism in the brain neural network was revealed out on the basis of the McCulloch-Pitts model.
2) 10 photo-sensitive children who have shown discomfort in observation of the flashing TV display were inspected together with 6 normal adult participants, and it turns out that the photosensitive participants showed remarkable entrainment effect of the ωα peak to the photo irradiation peak ωex even well after the discomfort shock, in the EEG frequency spectrum analysis.
3) The spectrum peak entrainment effect was observed
Figure 6. Comparison of EEG timescale flowchart (a) and the frequency spectrum (b) under flashing stimulation of ω = 9.8 Hz.
significantly in the lower frequency side of the α-peak. This asymmetric character could be understood from the chaotic view point of the self-sustaining neuronal oscillation mode in the entangled synaptic network.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this investigation, the EEG observations were carried out in the inspection laboratories of the following hospitals; the Osaka Prefectural H. the Sakai Municipal H., and the Osaka Seikei-kai H. and the data recording were kindly undertaken by Dr. H. Maekawa (Osaka Prefect. H), Dr. Yosiki Morita (Sakai Munis, H.), and also Dr. Takesi Tizaki (Osaka Seikei, H.). The authors are gratefully thanks for their kind efforts and hospitality.