Cardiac reserve mobilization trend during exercise and recovery after exercise

Leichu Liu; Xiaobo Yan; Shouzhong Xiao; Suyuan Deng; Cong Zhang; Linmei Luo

doi:10.4236/jbise.2013.67085

Home > Journals > Biomedical & Life Sciences > JBiSE

JBiSE> Vol.6 No.7, July 2013

Share This Article:

Open Access

Cardiac reserve mobilization trend during exercise and recovery after exercise

Abstract Full-Text HTML XML

Download as PDF (Size:213KB) PP. 699-703

DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2013.67085 3,183 Downloads 4,511 Views

Author(s) Leave a comment

Leichu Liu, Xiaobo Yan, Shouzhong Xiao, Suyuan Deng, Cong Zhang, Linmei Luo

Affiliation(s)

Bo-Jing Medical Informatics Institute, Chongqing, China.
Institute of Physical Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.

ABSTRACT

Objective: Little is known about the cardiac contractility recovery after exercise. The objective of the study was to explore a method to evaluate the extent and speed of cardiac function up-regulation during exercise and the recovery course of cardiac contractility and heart rate after exercise. Methods: Ten student athletes and ten student non-athlete voluntarily participated in this controlled study. Three indicators were selected: 1) amplitude ratio of the first to second heart sound (S1/S2); 2) heart rate (HR); 3) power output (W). Phonocardiogram exercise test (PCGET) was adopted. A four-stage workload increment protocol was used. Phonocardiograms were recorded in the sitting position at rest and immediately after each test stage. The time taken for completing the workloads 1750 J, 3500 J, 5250 J, and 7000 J was recorded, respectively. During recovery heart sound signals were recorded immediately after exercise, and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after exercise. S1/S2, HR, and W were calculated from the measured data. Cardiac function change trend graphs were constructed. Results: During exercise, HR and S1/S2 ratio increased with the increase in workload from 1750 J to 7000 J; the level and speed of increase in power output and S1/S2 ratio of the athletes were higher than the general students; power done by the general students decreased earlier than the athletes. During recovery course, the recovery course of the general students was slower than the athletes. Conclusion: This method for evaluating cardiac function up-regulation and recovery course is safe, easy, reliable, and effective, which is beneficial for selecting athletes, training, and matchmaking.

KEYWORDS

Cardiac Function; Amplitude Ratio of the First to Second Heart Sound (S1/S2); Power Output; Up-Regulation; Graph

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Cite this paper

Liu, L. , Yan, X. , Xiao, S. , Deng, S. , Zhang, C. and Luo, L. (2013) Cardiac reserve mobilization trend during exercise and recovery after exercise. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 6, 699-703. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2013.67085.

References

[1]	Kokkinos, P., Myers, J., Faselis, C., Panagiotakos, D.B., Doumas, M., Pittaras, A., et al. (2010) Exercise capacity and mortality in older men: A 20-year follow-up study. Circulation, 122, 790-797. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938852

[2]	Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S. and Atwood, J.E. (2002) Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 793-801. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011858

[3]	Cooke, G.A., Marshall, P., Al-Timman, J.K., Wright, D.J., Riley, R., Hainsworth, R., et al. (1998) Physiological cardiac reserve: Development of a non-invasive method and first estimates in man. Heart, 79, 289-294.

[4]	Watanabe, J., Thamilarasan, T., Blackstone, E.H., Thomas, J.D. and Lauer, M.S. (2001) Heart rate recovery immediately after treadmill exercise and left ventricular systolic dysfunction as predictors of mortality: The case of stress echocardiography. Circulation, 104, 1911-1916.

[5]	Jolly, M.A., Danielle, M., Brennan, D.M. and Cho, L. (2011) Impact of exercise on heart rate recovery. Circulation, 124, 1520-1526. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.005009

[6]	Durand, L.G., Langlois, Y.E., Lanthier, T., Chiarella, R., Coppens, P., Carioto, S., et al. (1990) Spectral analysis and acoustic transmission of mitral and aortic valve closure sounds in dogs. Part 4: Effects of modulating cardiac inotropy. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 28, 439-445. doi:10.1007/BF02441967

[7]	Hansen, P.B., Luisada, A.A., Miletich, D.J. and Albrecht, R.F. (1989) Phonocardiography as a monitor of cardiac performance during anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 68, 385-387. doi:10.1213/00000539-198903000-00037

[8]	Bombardini, T., Gemignani, V., Bianchini, E., Venneri, L., Petersen, C., Pasanisi, E., et al. (2008) Arterial pressure changes monitoring with a new precordial noninvasive sensor. Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 6, 41. doi:10.1186/1476-7120-6-41

[9]	Hsieh, B.P., Unver, K., McNulty, E. and Schiller, NB. (2010) The amplitude ratio of the first to second heart sound is reduced in left ventricular systolic dysfunction. International Journal of Cardiology, 145, 133-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.060

[10]	Chen, L., Tian, X., Xiao, S. and Peng, C. (2004) Comparative study of cardiac contractility recovery trend and heart rate recovery trend based on simultaneously telemetering cardiac contractility and heart rate signals after exercise. Acta Biophysica Sinica, 20, 403-407.

[11]	Keir, P.J., Jamnik, V.K. and Gledhill, N. (2003) Technical-methodological report: A nomogram for peak leg power output in the vertical jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17, 701-703.

[12]	Siebenmann, C., Robach, P., Jacobs, R.A., Rasmussen, P., Nordsborg, N.B., Díaz, V., et al. (2011) Live high-train low using normobaric hypoxia: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 106-117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22033534

[13]	Adachi, H., Koikef, A., Obayashi, T., Umezawai, S., Aonumat, K., Lnada, M., et al. (1996) Does appropriate endurance exercise training improve cardiac function in patients with prior myocardial infarction? European Heart Journal, 17, 1511-1521. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014715

[14]	Williams, S.G., Cooke, G.A., Wright, D.J., Parsons, W.J., Riley, R.L., Marshall, P., et al. (2001) Peak exercise cardiac power output: A direct indicator of cardiac function strongly predictive of prognosis in chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal, 22, 1496-1503. doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2547

[15]	Xiao, S., Wang, Z. and Hu, D. (2002) Studying cardiac contractility change trend to evaluate cardiac reserve. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 21, 7476. doi:10.1109/51.993198

[16]	Xiao, S., Guo, X., Sun, X. and Xiao, Z. (2002) A relative value method for measuring and evaluating cardiac reserve. Biomedical Engineering Online, 1, 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149375 doi:10.1186/1475-925X-1-6

[17]	Wu, J., Lang, Y., Wang, F., Xiao, S. and Zhan, Z. (2003) A study of a method for simultaneous measurement of heart rate and cardiac contractility of athletes. Sports Science, 23, 107-120.