Corneal Wavefront Aberrations in Patients Wearing Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses for Myopia Control

Frank Spors, Donald J. Egan, Jie Shen, Lance E. McNaughton, Stuart Mann, Neil M. Patel

College of Optometry, Pomona, CA.
Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA.

DOI: 10.4236/ojoph.2012.23011                

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in corneal wavefront aberrations in young adults who have been fit with multifocal soft contact lenses for myopia progression control. Findings have been analyzed for statistical significance and clinical relevance and compared to reportedly successful Orthokeratology outcomes. Methods: The dominant eye of 40 participants (27 women, 13 men; mean age 27.3 ± 3.2 years; range 23 to 39 years) was fit with Proclear Multifocal center distance lenses (Coopervision, Pleasanton, USA) having a variety of distance powers and reading additions. Refractive errors were limited to a range of –6.00 D up to +1.00 D of sphere, and no greater than –1.00 D of cylinder. Corneal wavefront measurements were performed over 6 mm diameters with a Zeiss Atlas 9000 corneal topographer (Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, USA) prior to, and following lens fitting. Data were converted into rectangular Fourier optics terms M, J₀, J₄₅ and RMS values for each reading addition were statistically analyzed. Following evaluation of statistical significance and clinical relevance, results were compared to published data from successful Orthokeratology treatments. Results: Statistically significant changes in higher order aberrations were detected for lenses of all reading additions. Lens groups with higher Add-powers demonstrated stronger changes with increased significance. Final RMS values relating to 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th Zernike Orders reached clinical significance with a wavefront error of 0.10 μm, the equivalent of 0.25D. Moreover, as Add-powers increased, 3^rd and 4^th order aberrations likewise showed an increase. Pre-fitting astigmatism values accounted for the highest recorded aberrations and remained predominantly unchanged. Conclusion: Proclear Multifocal center-distance contact lenses were found to increase higher order wavefront aberrations in a manner dependent on their Add-power. In comparison to successful Orthokeratology outcomes, the amounts of resulting aberrations are notably different.

Keywords

Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses; Wavefront Aberrations; Myopia; Myopia Progression Control; Orthokeratology; Zernike Polynomials

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	S. M. Saw, J. Katz, O. D. Schein, S. J. Chew and T. K. Chan, “Epidemiology of Myopia,” Epidemiologic Reviews, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1996, pp. 175-187.
[2]	K. E. Lee, B. E. K. Klein, R. Klein and T. Y. Wong, “Changes in Refraction over 10 Years in an Adult Population: The Beaver Dam Eye Study,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 43, No. 8, 2002, pp. 2566-2571.
[3]	L. L. K. Lin, Y. F. Shih, C. B. Tsai, et al., “Epidemiologic Study of Ocular Refraction among Schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 76, No. 5, 1999, pp. 275-281. doi:10.1097/00006324-199905000-00013
[4]	R. D. Sperduto, D. Seigel, J. Roberts and M. Rowland, “Prevalence of Myopia in the United States,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1983, pp. 405-407. doi:10.1001/archopht.1983.01040010405011
[5]	S. M. Saw, E. C. Shih-Yen, A. Koh and D. Tan, “Inter- ven-tions to Retard Myopia Progression in Children: An Evidence-Based Update,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 109, No. 3, 2002, pp. 415-421.
[6]	K. E. Lee, B. E. Klein, R. Klein and T. Y. Wong, “Changes in Refraction over 10 Years in an Adult Population: The Beaver Dam Eye Study,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 43, No. 8, 2002, pp. 2566-2571.
[7]	C. J. Hammond, H. Snieder, C. E. Gilbert and T. D. Spector, “Genes and Environment in Refractive Error: The Twin Eye Study,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1232-1236.
[8]	I. Morgan and K. Rose, “How Genetic Is School Myopia?” Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-38. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004
[9]	E. L. Smith, C. S. Kee, R. Ramamirtham, Y. Qiao- Grider and L. F. Hung, “Peripheral Vision Can Influence Eye Growth and Refractive Development in Infant Monkeys,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 46, No. 11, 2005, pp. 3965-3972. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0445
[10]	C. E. Campbell, “A New Method for Describing the Aberrations of the Eye Using Zernike Polynomials,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 80, No. 1, 2003, pp. 79-83. doi:10.1097/00006324-200301000-00011
[11]	D. A. Atchison, N. Pritchard, S. D. White and A. M. Griffiths, “Influence of Age on Peripheral Refraction,” Vision Re-search, Vol. 45, No. 6, 2005, pp. 715-720. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.028
[12]	D. A. Atchison, N. Pritchard, K. L. Schmid, D. H. Scott, C. E. Jones and J. M. Pope, “Shape of the Retinal Surface in Emmetropia and Myopia,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 46, No. 8, 2005, pp. 2698-2707. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1506
[13]	Z. Lin, A. Martinez, X. Chen, et al., “Peripheral Defocus with Single-Vision Spectacle Lenses in Myopic Children,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 87, No. 1, 2010, pp. 4-9. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181c078f1
[14]	H. A. Swar-brick, “Orthokeratology (Corneal Refractive Therapy): What Is It and How Does It Work?” Eye Contact Lens, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2004, pp. 181-185.
[15]	P. Sankaridurg, L. Donovan, S. Varnas, et al., “Spectacle Lenses De-signed to Reduce Progression of Myopia: 12-Month Results,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 87, No. 9, 2010, pp. 631-641. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181ea19c7
[16]	T. C. Tepelus, D. Vazquez, A. Seidemann, D. Utten- weiler and F. Schaeffel, “Effects of Lenses with different Power Profiles on Eye Shape in Chickens,” Vision Research, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2012, pp. 12-19. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.11.014
[17]	W. N. Charman, J. Mountford, D. A. Atchison and E. L. Markwell, “Peripheral Refraction in Orthokeratology Patients,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 83, No. 9, 2006, pp. 641-648. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000232840.66716.af
[18]	P. Kang and H. Swarbrick, “Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Children Wearing Orthokeratology and Gas- Permeable Lenses,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 88, No. 4, 2011, pp. 476-482. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31820f16fb
[19]	E. Kwok, B. Patel, S. Backhouse and J. R. Phillips, “Peripheral Refraction in High Myopia with Spherical Soft Contact Lenses,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 89, No. 3, 2012, pp. 263-270.
[20]	T. A. Aller and C. Wildsoet, “Bifocal Soft Contact Lenses as a Possible Myopia Control Treatment: A Case Report Involving Identical Twins,” Clinical and Experimental Optometry, Vol. 91, No. 4, 2008, pp. 394- 399. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00230.x
[21]	N. S. Ans-tice and J. R. Phillips, “Effect of Dual-Focus Soft Contact Lens Wear on Axial Myopia Progression in Children,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 118, No. 6, 2011, pp. 1152-1161. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.10.035
[22]	T.-T. Lee and P. Cho, “Discontinuation of Orthokeratology and Myopic Progression,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 87, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1053-1056.
[23]	P. Sankaridurg, B. Holden, E, Smith, et al., “Decrease in Rate of Myopia Progression with a Contact Lens Designed to Reduce Relative Peripheral Hyperopia: One-Year Results,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 52, No. 13, 2011, pp. 9362-9367. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7260
[24]	S. W. Cheung, P. Cho and D. Fan, “Asymmetrical Increase in Axial Length in the Two Eyes of a Monocular Orthokeratology Patient,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 81, No. 9, 2004, pp. 653-656. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000144742.57847.b1
[25]	T. Kakita, T. Hiraoka and T. Oshika, “Influence of Overnight Orthokeratology on Axial Elongation in Childhood Myopia,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 52, No. 5, 2011, pp. 2170-2174. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5485
[26]	S. Vitale, L. Ellwein, M. F. Cotch, F. L. Ferris and R. Sperduto, “Prevalence of Refractive Error in the United States (1999-2004),” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 126, No. 8, 2008, pp. 1111-1119.
[27]	C. E. Joslin, S. M. Wu, T. T. McMa-hon and M. Shahidi, “Higher-Order Wavefront Aberrations in Corneal Refractive Therapy,” Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 80, No. 12, 2003, pp. 805-811. doi:10.1097/00006324-200312000-00010
[28]	W. S. Chui and P. Cho, “A Comparative Study of the Perfor-mance of Different Corneal Topographers on Children with Respect to Orthokeratology Practice,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 82, No. 5, 2005, pp. 420-427. doi:10.1097/01.OPX.0000162642.24885.71
[29]	C. McAlinden, J. E. Moore, V. E. McGilligan, T. C. B. Moore, “Spherical Aberration and Higher Order Aberrations with Balafilcon A (Pure Vision) and Comfilcon A (Biofinity),” Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Vol. 249, No. 4, 2011, pp. 607- 612. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1476-9
[30]	D. Lopes-Ferreira, C. Ribeiro, R. Maia, et al., “Peripheral Myopization Using a Dominant Design Multifocal Contact Lens,” Journal of Optometry, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2011, pp. 14-21. doi:10.1016/S1888-4296(11)70035-8