Rapid Decline of Fertility Rate in South Korea: Causes and Consequences

This paper examines the Family Planning Policies implemented in South Korea since the early 1970’s resulting in rapid declines in fertility rates that are currently among the lowest in the world. Based on interviews of over two hundred and fifty undergraduate students from various Korean universities and combined with official population statistics, the consequences of this rapid total fertility decline are examined. The study provides a glimpse into the promises and pitfalls that accompany population policies which could be instructive for policy and planning regarding current demographic transitions from high to low birth rates globally.


Introduction
In the daily work of a businessman, it requires social emotional support from the wife to manage stress and improve the efficacy of his business [1]. Based on the results of research Kurniawan and Sanjaya [1] spousal social emotional support has a strong positive influence on businessman's efficacy. Emotional social support is spousal support in information or feedback that can strengthen the husband's business-efficacy [2]. In their study, Kurniawan and Sanjaya [1] described marital relation strategies as antecedent of spousal social emotional support, but had not tested its association with demographic factors.
In the industry context, organizational support can be influenced by job satisfaction. The higher the employee's job satisfaction is, the stronger the support for the organization is [3]. While job satisfaction is influenced by demographic factors such as age, sex, marital status, and years of service [4], in the context of marriage relationships can also be assumed that spousal social emotional support is also influenced by demographic factors through marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between demographics factors with businessman's spousal social emotional support. There are three demographics factors to be tested in this study, namely working period, marital duration and number of children.

Review of Literature
Previous studies were more focus on spousal social emotional support for businessman without discussed about the demographic factors [1] [2]. This study was innovating with discover the demographics factors that probably influence the spousal social emotional support.

Spousal Emotional Social Support
Spousal emotional social support can either increase or inhibit energy for an entrepreneur or businessman. Such support can transmit stress effects in a timelimited. Positive emotional social support from a spouse will be shown through a willingness to share feelings and provide feedback to her husband about the business problem he is facing. A businessman who gets positive support from his spouse will be confident he can stay strong in his business when conditions are bad. In contrast, the negative support from his spouse is indicated by the lack of acceptance of feelings and lack of feedback from spouse on her husband's business. A businessman who gets a negative support from his spouse will drain his energy so that a businessman feels his business condition will get worse [2].

Working Period
The longer of working period make someone will be more committed, productive and satisfied with his work [4]. Businessman working periods include prelaunch, launch and post-launch, which is the longer the business can survive the more complex businessman involvement in its work [5] [6]. The number of hours of work per week is often associated inversely with the amount of time spent on household chores or quality interaction at home [7]. Similarly, the longer the businessman run his business then the number of hours work per week that have to spend because the more complex of his work.

Marital Duration
The many of pressures, the number of family problems, the lack of interaction, and the lack of support for marital relationships, make marital duration negatively correlated with marital happiness. In the early years of married couples strive to adjust and hope in the following years they will be more able to adjust to each other. But the fact is that as time goes by their characters are also mu-tually changing and unable to meet their previous expectations so that it further reduces their marital happiness [8]. Another study proves that boredom marriage in year 7 can predict reduced marital satisfaction significance at year 16 [9].
Research in United States, United Kingdom & Turkey also showed that duration of married was negatively predict marital satisfaction [10].

Number of Children
Research in the United States, British & Turkey also shows that number of children was negatively predicted marital satisfaction. The greater number of children it will diminish the perception of husband's love or wife's love [10].
Other studies in the United States also show that the number of children was decrease marital happiness, especially for the first 25 years of the marriage [8].

Spousal Social Emotional Support Based on Demographic Factors
Demographic factors in this study, working period, marital duration and number of children, have an impact on marital happiness or marital satisfaction. At the organizational context, job satisfaction has positive effect toward willingness to support organization [3]. At the family context, also assumed that wife marital satisfaction will positively effect toward support for her husband's business.
The longer the working period of a businessman in running his business then he will be increasingly involved in the business. The more busy a businessman is then assumed to decrease the amount of time spent on household chores or quality interaction at home. Many argue that an increasingly busy husband will reduce wife's marital satisfaction [7]. Based on research on organizational context [3], also assumed that wife marital satisfaction will positively effect toward support for her husband's business. Unsatisfaction of married will make spouse so reluctant to give emotional social-support to her husband in running his business, and vice versa. H1: Working period in business has association with spousal social emotional support.
Duration of married was negatively predicted marital happiness and marital satisfaction [8] [10]. Based on re-search on organizational context [3], also assumed that wife marital satisfaction will positively effect toward support for her husband's business. Unhappy and unsatisfaction of married will make spouse so reluctant to give emotional social-support to her husband in running his business, and vice versa. H2: Marital duration of businessman has association with spousal social emotional support.
The number of children was decreased by marital happiness and marital satisfaction [8] [10]. Based on research on organizational context [3], also assumed that wife marital satisfaction will positively effect toward support for her husband's business. Unhappy and unsatisfaction of married will make spouse so reluctant to give emotional social-support to her husband in running his business, and vice versa. H3: Number of businessman's children has association with spousal social emotional support.

Participants
This study used non-random sampling method.

Research Tools
This research used a questionnaire in Bahasa Indonesia. Tryout of this questionnaire has already done on thirty intrapreneurs before this study. The unidimensional scale of spousal social emotional support has three items. It was modified from Danes, Matzek & Werbel [2]. That scale used Likert format with five points or answer options. The answers options were put on the range "strongly disagree" for score 1 until "strongly agree" for score 5. The Cronbach Alpha reliability of that scale is α = 0.870. The example item is, "I've got more release after share my business problem to my spouse".
Demographics data was gotten by open questionnaire. Participants were asked to fill in data of working period, marital duration and number of children on the questionnaire that put on the page before the scale of spousal social emotional support.

Analysis
The three of hypotheses on this study was tested by Spearman's Rho Correlation.
Previous those hypotheses test, the distribution data was tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

Results
Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, the results of normality data test are as showed on Table 1.
The results on Table 1 indicate that the data of spousal social emotional support as the dependent variable has abnormal distribution. Thus, the three of hypotheses on this study was tested by Spearman's Rho Correlation.  The results on Table 2 indicate that only working period has weak significant negative association with spousal social emotional support. There was not significant association between marital duration and spousal social emotional support. Also, number of children was not significant association with spousal social emotional support.

Discussion
H1: Working period in business has association with spousal social emotional support has accepted with negative association. The longer of working period, the weaker of spousal social emotional support. Businessman who runs longer business will be more and more involved with various complex business processes. Even businessmen who are already in the post-launch phase will begin to exit strategy, which is preparing a replacement to manage their current business and getting ready to grow its new business so he's getting more busy [5].
The more time a husband spends in running or growing his business the less time spent on household chores or quality interaction at home thus reduces wife's marital satisfaction [7]. Based on research on organizational context [3], also assumed that wife marital satisfaction will positively effect toward support for her husband's business. Unsatisfaction of married will make spouse so reluctant to give emotional social-support to her husband in running his business, and vice versa. Thus the longer the husband runs his business, the weaker the spousal social emotional support. Turkey showing that duration of married was negatively predict marital satisfaction [10] can not be argued against the results of this study. Other results indicate that marital duration is not always straight correlate to marital happiness, but rather to form a U-shape curve [8]. This study only tests the associations so that the possibility of U-shape curves will be interpreted as unrelated. The longer marital duration also makes the couple more able to adapt and manage the conflict so as to increase the satisfaction of his marriage. Based on research on organizational context [3], also assumed that wife marital satisfaction will positively effect toward support for her husband's business. While the results of the study show that there's not always straight correlation between marital duration with marital happiness or satisfaction so that consequence also does not bring effect to spousal social-emotional support. fection, adult status and social identity and economic utility [11]. Probably some businessmen in this study had wives with that perception of children values and some others did not have that perception, but that has not been specific measured in this study. As result number of children not necessarily affect the marital satisfaction that ultimately also does not affect the spousal social-emotional support.

Conclusions
This study proves that only working period in business has association with spousal social emotional support. Marital duration of businessman has no association with spousal social emotional support. Number of businessman's children has no association with spousal social emotional support.
The limitation of this study was not investigated by regression test thus the result can't describe the form of effect between variables, such as linear or curve relation. This study didn't investigate the parent's perception of children values as well thus the result can't describe the specific psychological dynamics of marriage couple about their number of children.
Future studies are recommended to use regression test in order to know more specific forms of effect between variables. The perception of children values also needs to be involved as a variable in the next research to know more specifically about the psychological dynamics in it.