Research on the Network Structure and Evolution of Spatial Distribution of Universities ’ Cross-Regional Technology Transfer

Universities are important components of national innovation systems. Their cross-regional technology transfer is of great importance for narrowing regional technology gaps and realizing collaborative innovation. Based on 20072016 patent assignment data of Chinese university, this paper investigates the network structure and evolution law of spatial distribution of universities’ cross-regional technology transfer through the social network analysis and GIS spatial analysis. Results show that: (1) Areas with abundant education resources have advantages at technology export, while economically developed areas have become the main target for technology import. In China, the development of technology export and import is generally imbalanced within a province; (2) In the evolution process of technology transfer structure, the dyadic relationship usually turn from a “strong-weak” relationship to a “strong-strong” one, and there exists a positive correlation between the equalization level of the nodes in the structure and the transfer level of universities’ technology; (3) The evolution of the spatial distribution of universities’ technology transfer demonstrates a trend of diffusion from core areas located on the south-east coast to inland areas. Provinces in the core areas can significantly promote the technology transfer level of surrounding provinces, and an obvious geographic feature is shown in the universities’ technology transfer between different areas.


Introduction
In the past, most of the universities in China focused on fundamental research However, with the development of the economic and the transformation of the economic growth mode, universities' cross-regional technology transfer is regarded as a useful way to narrow regional gap and assist in economic development.As an important source of technology innovation, universities are a vital part in the innovation system of countries and regions.Ministry of Education and Technology has indicated in the document of "Opinions on improving universities' technology outcome transformation" that technology transformation is a critical section of universities' technological activities, and to promote it would considerably achieve innovation-driven development and improve universities' ability of serving the society.
Since technology transformation involves knowledge flow, the process can not only achieve commercialization of universities' technology but also positively influence the local industries and economy.Besides, there exists a significant difference in technological resources, innovation capability and economic development between different regions due to factors such as resource distribution and surrounding environment and technology transformation can effectively bridge this gap and realize mutual development.With the development of technology transfer, the research on that area is becoming more and more important.Through status analysis, the current situation of technology transfer can be easily understood and based on this, the influence of technology transfer and the means to improve transfer efficiency can be easily to study in the future.This report analyzed the technology transformation network and spatial distribution of Chinese universities, summarized the features and evolution patterns of the transformation between various regions and combined research results and the current situation in order to deduct the reasons behind the evolution and provide suggestions about how to promote cross region technology transformation to achieve collaborative innovation and economic development.The amount and development rate of patent assignment in Chinese universities largely exceed that of patent licensing, which demonstrates that patent assignment is better accepted in relevant industries.Besides, the direction of patent assignment can also illustrate the position of the main subject in technology transfer relations and networks more clearly than technical trade amount.To conclude, it is more reasonable to adopt patent assignment as the index to measure the technology transfer situation.Recently, several scholars attempt to analyze the transfer pattern based on patent assignment.Chunbo Zhang et al chose "985 project" universities as research samples and based their study on these universities' independently authorized patent data in SIPO (State Intellectual Property Office).They established patent assignment route by investigating information of assigner and assignee.By analyzing the relations between the universities which apply for the patent, assigner and assignee, the patent technology transfer of these universities can be concluded into 6 modes including direct transfer of patents, asset management, unit of university, university-enterprise cooperation in R&D, local government-university cooperation in R&D, academic entrepreneurship, patent-assertion entities [7].Compared to the study on pattern and rough non-direction network, profounder research on technology transfer are benefit to illustrate lows and trends.

Data Source
This report chose the patent assignment data of our country's universities from 2001 to 2016 to analyses the university technology transfer situation across different regions, and all the data came from the Incopat patent database.As one of the most authoritative patent database in China, Incopat patent database has been highly recognized by over 1000 institutional clients.The database collects more than 100 million pieces of patents and makes an integration of functions including analysis, monitoring and so on.Patent assignment includes the assignment of application right and the assignment of patent right.To reflect the real situation of universities' technology transfer, this report only used the patent assignment information of authorized patents before December 31, 2016 and the first applicant is university.According to the Figure 1

Research Method
In this report, two methods are mainly adopted including social network analysis and GIS spatial method.
Social network analysis method was used to establish the patent assignment network among universities of 31 provinces (HongKong, Macao, Taiwan excluded) across the whole country，in which the provinces are represented by the nodes.The ties between the nodes stand for patent assignments, and the directions of the ties stand for the directions of transfer.Social network analysis is widely used to analyses the knowledge flow and technology transfer which use patent as the medium [8].For example, Thompson studied knowledge export across regions by patent quotation network [9].Shangqi Si studied the cooperation network of different cities from patent alliance and found out that the key of promoting the development of the alliance is to cultivate cities with a strong po-Source: data from incopat database.tential to become medium [10].Fengchao Liu et al used social network analysis method and adopted the concluded contract data of the underlying market to study the spatial distribution of cross region technology transfer network structure [11].
(1) Point centrality.The centrality of a node is the index to measure its power in the whole network, and it includes both absolute and relative centrality.In a directed network, absolute centrality can be divided into in-degree centrality (which stands for the number of nodes that are linked into this node) and out-degree centrality (which means the number of relations delivered from this node); relative centrality can be used to compare the point centrality of different networks, and it can be calculated by dividing a point's absolute centrality (which equals to the sum of in-degree and out-degree centrality) by the maximum possible point degree of the network [12].
(2) Reciprocity of relationship.There are three modes existing in a directed network, respectively no relationship, one-way relationship and both-way relationship.And in a both-way relationship, the two nodes are considered to have reciprocity.The proportion of reciprocity relationship in a network can reflect its stability, connectivity and equality between the nodes [13].
(3) Cliques of the network.Cliques are cohesive sub-groups founded on the reciprocity relationship, and they are maximal complete sub-graphs which at least contain three nodes.Any two nodes in a clique are directly related to each other, and no nodes which are related to all the nodes within the network can be found.In a directed network, cliques can only be analyzed when it is established among the nodes with reciprocity relationship.To better compare the network and spatial distribution, this report set 1 as the critical value to convert the multi-value network into bi-value network in clique analysis, and symmetrized the matrix according to the reciprocity principle.
Then the technology transfer activeness of the 31 provinces was measured on the basis of clique analysis.The regions were divided into blocks according to their activeness and then GIS spatial analysis method was adopted to combine the attributes of the blocks and geographic space in order to further analyze the spatial distribution and evolution patterns of cross region technology transfer.Overall, the total amount of universities' cross-region technology transfer keeps increasing, which indicates that universities lay emphasis on the technology transfer and they play a more and more important role in regional technology development and innovation.Beijing and Shanghai, where many universities are located, are still mainly technology export sources, while the provinces on the eastern coast, where economy is highly developed, are mainly receivers for technology transfer.The density of universities in a region influences the development of its science and technology to a certain extent, and the economic development level reflects its capability to receive technology transfer.The difference of transfer level between eastern and western area is still significant and the unbalance number between the technology import and export is still existing in many provinces.technology transfer of provinces the country was not very active, and the reciprocity relationship was rare, which made it difficult to be analyzed.Therefore, the clique analysis of 2007 and 2010 were eliminated.The regions were divided into four categories by considering the number of cliques (N) involved from 2013 to 2016, respectively core region (N > 10), semi-core region (6 ≤ N ≤ 10), margin region (1 ≤ N ≤ 5), and blank region (N = 0) (Table 1).The spatial distribution diagram of universities' cross-region technology transfer was drawn by GIS spatial distribution method (Figure 5 and Figure 6), and it showed that the transfer activeness kept decreasing when it came from southeast coast to northwest inland, with the core regions mainly locating in the southeast coast including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangzhou and also Beijing; the semi-core regions mainly located in the middle of the inland and around the Bohai Sea; the northwestern provinces were blank regions with very low transfer activeness.

Empirical Analysis
The overall transfer activeness in the spatial distribution map was significantly increased in 2016 compared with that of 2013.In term of spatial distribution, the distribution of core region was spreading from southeast coast are to inland, with Tianjin, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan and Guangxi becoming core regions as well.Most of these provinces are adjacent to original core regions, which indicate the positive impacts of core regions on the technology transfer level of provinces around.The provinces all have reciprocity relationship with at least 5 other provinces excluding Gansu, Guizhou, Ningxia, Xizang, Hainan and Qinghai.

Discussion
This report studied features and evolution process of universities' cross-region technology transfer from four aspects, including the overall network structure, the network nodes, the network relations and the spatial distribution of network blocks.Overall, the transfer level was largely increased from 2007 to 2016 with    On one hand, different geographic locations lead to the difference of the regions' economic development level and resources, which further influences the transfer level of the region.On the other hand, the geographic distance between the two sides of the technology transfer can limit the transfer level, therefore the technology exchange tends to take place between adjacent provinces.

Contribution and Study Implications
The paper analyzes the universities' technology transfer network and evolution of spatial distribution based on the patent assignment data.Most of the former research on the cross-regional technology transfer only focused on analyzing the feature of the network and spatial distribution at a particular year or regional.
However, besides that the paper also concentrates on the evolution of the network and spatial distribution.Through the evolution process, the trends and laws of technology transfer can be found.The results show the key actor and relations in the transfer network and the trend of the evolution.From the practical social aspects, it's helpful to universities and regional governments thinking useful way to improve the transfer efficiency and effectiveness, for national government, the research is not only illustrating the regional transfer situations but also give the suggestions on narrowing the technology gaps between difference regions.From the academic aspects, the paper contributes to the literature by establishing the basic research on cross-regional technology transfer, based on our paper, the further research including the study on the influence factor and the impact of technology transfer to regional innovation capability could be easily carried out.

Conclusions
analyzing the evolution pattern of universities' technology transfer network and its spatial distribution and considering the current situation in our country, it is recommended that: 1) In term of provinces, the main driving force of technology transfer is the universities' technology innovation sources and the regional economic development level is the important pulling force.Therefore, to ensure the technology transfer can be further promoted, it is vital to improve innovation level of universities and break the barrier between the universities and the enterprises.And to develop characteristic industries of the regions and to improve regional economy combining the advantages of the region are basic approaches to attract technology import.
2) In term of the whole country, it is essential to eliminate the distance limitation of cross-region technology transfer and to solve the information dissymmetry in the transfer process to make sure the transfer can be successfully carried out.There are all kinds of barriers existing in the technology transfer between universities and industries, or between different regions, and other factors such as geographic distance further aggravate the information dissymmetry.Therefore, it is effective to improve the technology transfer efficiency by establishing platforms for cross-region technology transfer and interaction between universities and enterprises, which can eliminate the barriers created due to geographic distance or policies.
Finally, the study also has some limitations.Except patent assignment, technology transfer also including other methods like patent licensing, technology exchange and so on.Even the patent assignment is the main part of technology transfer in China now, research on other parts also need studied.Based on the evolution of transfer network and spatial distribution, this paper gives the possible reasons which influence the cross-regional technology transfer and the suggestion on improving the transfer efficiency, however, we need do more correlation analysis to explore degree of influence in the future.
How to cite this paper: Tang, Y. and Song, W. (2017) Research on the Network Structure and Evolution of Spatial Distribution of Universities' Cross-Regional Technology Transfer.Journal of Service Science and Management, 10, 112-124.https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2017.102010and education, technical achievements belong to national government.Few technologies were transferred to industries and achieved commercialization.
There are mainly three types of universities' technology transformation, including external-oriented transformation involving direct patent assignment and licensing, internal-oriented transformation involving university-based enterprises, and cooperative transformation involving the cooperation between universities and enterprises [1].Since the traditional university technology transformation mode largely concentrated on CEEUSRO and the lack of patent data, most of the former studies in this field in China focused on macroscopic level or qualitative research, which can be concluded into four aspects as follows: (1) Researches on national technology transformation policy and innovation system; (2) Researches on scientific parks and enterprises based on or derived from universities; (3) Researches on the cooperation mode between universities and enterprises; (4) Researches on universities' innovation policy and transformation intermediary.And there are very few empirical studies based on patent data [2].The lack of the empirical research limited scholars to explore further themes on that area.In recent years, with the technology development and encouragement of national policy, patent transfer and technical contract have become positive interaction modes between universities and industries, which lead to a rapid increase of patent and trade data and therefore bring attention to researches.During that period, most of the scholars used social network theory based on patent licensing data or technical trade amount to construct transfer network and study the pattern, evolution and other features of the network.Tao Lei et al adopted visualized social network analysis method which analyzed the evolution process of university-enterprise cooperative application network from 1985 to 2008 from three aspects including region, technology and universities [3].Yanyan Ma et al analyzed the scale, density and centrality of patent application network by establishing the Chinese university-enterprise cooperative patent application diagram [4].Liguo Luo et al reached the conclusion that there is a positive correlation between the amount of patent licensing and the extent of knowledge exchange by studying knowledge exchange pattern of 985 universities based on patent data [5].As the outcome of technology innovation, patent is crucial in realizing technology transfer [6].Compared to patent licensing, patent assignment is more capable of ensuring uniformity of the ownership and right to use of a patent.
of patent assignment amount statistics, universities' patent assignment increased gradually from 2005.And after a slow rise from 2005 to 2010, the growth rate experienced a significant increase after 2010, with the fastest growth rate appearing in 2013 and 2016.After pre-treatment and analysis of the data, this report chose the patent assignment data of four representative years to study the evolution trend, which are 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016.
Integral analysis of universities' technology transfer network.Ucinet is employed to draw the network diagram (Figure 2) of universities' cross region technology transfer.From 2007 to 2016, the number of nodes and transfer, and the density of the network were gradually increasing.In 2007, the universities of 16 provinces in total in the network realized cross region technology transfer, with the universities of Jiangsu and Shanghai playing the leading role.In 2010, the number of provinces rose to 27, and Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang all became central points of technology transfer.However, there were still many provinces which were isolated or only had single relationship.In 2013, the number reached 30 with Jiangsu and Beijing being the central nodes.In 2016, all the 31 provinces (Hongkong, Macao Source: own data base constructed from incopat data.
Reciprocity of universities' technology transfer relationship.The gap of technology development level is a vital driving force of cross-region technology transfer.The transfer can be divided into three kinds, respectively bi-direction, one-way and no transfer.The mutual dyad transfer is considered as a "strong-strong" tie, and the relationship in a one-way transfer is considered as a "strong-weak" one.More reciprocity "strong-strong" relationship means that the cross-region technology transfer is more stable and the connectivity of the network is stronger.By analyzing the reciprocity, it is shown that there was no reci-Source: own database constructed from incopat data.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. In-degree and out-degree centrality of network in 2010 and 2016.
database constructed from incopat data.Source: own database constructed from incopat data.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The distribution diagram of universities' cross-region technology transfer, 2013.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The spatial distribution diagram of universities' cross-region technology transfer, 2016.

Table 1 .
The number of cliques each province involved in 2013 and 2016.