The Design of a Novel Bearing Manufacturing Line Based on Simulation

This paper is a case study of the production line at an automotive ancillary manufacturing plant. At first, the production line is studied for possible areas of improvement. Time study data are collected for each process and the best set-up is calculated to make the plant leaner. Furthermore, suggestions are made to procure machines from the market that make the plant leaner and more efficient. To make the suggestions indubitable, a time study calculation is done for the new machine layout.


Introduction
Kaizen-Continuous improvement is the essence of successful manufacturing industries worldwide.There always exist some scopes for improvement in the company, hence efforts to improve should never be allowed to cease.The manufacturing industry is a major contributor to the growth of the Indian economy.Also, amongst the manufacturing industries, it is the automotive industry that contributes a larger percent.Despite having continued this trend for decades, the automotive industry still faces the difficulty of improving production.When the automotive industry is only predicted to grow from here, it is only obvious that its contribution to India's GDP will increase.However, this also means that the country's reliance on the industry will increase.Therefore, in this age of price competitiveness, it is important to avoid the company's profit slip due to the inability to produce parts on time.Hence, efficient balancing of the production line is of utmost importance.This paper uses simulation approach to effectively improve the output rate of the plant to satisfy the production goal of a bearing manufacturing company.

Literature Review
This section reviews literature of simulation approach for improving the productivity of different production/service systems.[1] considered the simulation of a season ticket issue counter of a transport organization at Chennai.They analyzed the behavior of male queues and female queues at different time intervals (one hour interval) from 3 P.M. to 8 P.M. and suggested to operate variable number of counters depending on the estimated queue length.The simulation logic has been implemented in FORTRAN language.Senthilkumar [2] developed an algorithm for multiple AGVS (Automated Guided Vehicle System) scheduling, which uses Floyd's algorithm as a subroutine to find the shortest distance between any pair of nodes in the distance network of the shop floor where the AGVs operate.This uses simulation approach to sample the demand points.The simulation logic has been implemented in Basic language.Panneerselvam and Senthilkumar [3] developed a text book titled 'System Simulation, Modeling and Languages', which presents several practical examples and case studies where the simulation approach can be used.The examples cover applications in shop floors and service systems using high level languages, GPSS (General Purpose Simulation System), Arena, etc, which is instrumental in understanding the use of GPSS.Gordon Geoffrey [4] and Jerry Banks [5] gave the concept of simulation and introduce different simulation languages.Furthermore, Panneerselvam [6] [7] gave a brief introduction to simulation and presented case studies which have been essential to learning the method of simulation.Moreover, Scriber [8] gave a complete account of GPSS covering all the blocks.Khalili and Zahedi [9] presented a simulation model for a mattress production line using Promodel simulation software.They analyzed the existing system and modified the system using simulation to cope with the demand of mattress for the next five years.

Panneerselvam and Veerapandian
Gingu and Zapciu [10] considered a layout design problem and obtained bottleneck locations using simulation to obtain a revised cellular layout.
The literature presented above justifies the need of simulation in industries and also presents foundations of the simulation approach.In this paper, the application of the simulation approach using GPSS to improve the throughput of a production line manufacturing a bearing is presented.

Problem Identification
The output of the line manufacturing an engine thrust bearing is unable to meet the demand of its customers.Moreover, the line supervisor is not convinced about the optimality of the lot size that is fixed while producing the bearing.The process times of different operations of the production line of the bearing are probabilistic.Hence, in this paper, an attempt has been made to simulate the production for the existing layout of the production line.After an analysis of the results about the average waiting time and average waiting number of jobs before different operations of the production line, another simulation model is to be constructed again to minimize the time taken which will improve the production volume of the line.

Data Collection
This section presents data that are collected from the production line of the bearing (job).The inter-arrival time of the job to the first machine of the line follows uniform distribution with a mean of 6.79 sec and a half width of 0.375 sec.
The different machines/operations of the production line manufacturing engine thrust bearings as per their sequence to manufacture that product are shown in Table 1.The processing time of each of the facilities shown in the Table 1 follows uniform distribution.The parameters of the uniform distribution of the processing times of the facilities are shown in Table 2.The block diagram of the facilities manufacturing the thrust bearing is shown in Figure 1.
Table 1.Machines/operations to manufacture engine thrust bearings.

GPSS Simulation Model for Existing System
The inter-arrival time at the first operation of the bearing line as well as the processing time of each operation follows uniform distribution.Hence, use of empirical formula to obtain the standard results, viz.average waiting time of the job in front of each operation of the production line, the average waiting number of jobs bearings waiting in front of each operation of the production line and the percentage utilization of the operations, cannot be used.Therefore, the last resort to obtain such results of the production line is the use of simulation, which can provide these results.This section gives the simulation of the existing system whose particulars are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and

Result of Simulation
The execution of the GPSS program in Figure 5 gives these results for selected facilities and the corresponding queues are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. From Table 3, the number of transactions passing through the "packaging block", which corresponds to the last operation of the production line manufacturing the bearing, gives the production volume of the production line, which is 2870 units.From Table 4, it is clear that the maximum average waiting time per transaction is 1542.107seconds for the facility "flattening".If the processing time for the operation on this facility is reduced by installing one more facility of the same type in parallel, the average waiting time per transition at this stage can be minimized.The next section discusses the improved system.

Simulation of an Improved System
The revised block diagram of the production line after incorporating a parallel facility for the first "flattening" stage is shown in Figure 6.The GPSS program for the revised system is shown in Figure 7.The execution of the GPSS program shown in Figure 7 gives the results for selected facilities and the corresponding queues are shown in Table 5 and Table 6.From Table 5, the number of transactions passing through the "packaging block", which corresponds to the last operation of the production line manufacturing the bearing, gives the production volume of the production line, which is 6377 units.From Table 6, it is clear that the maximum average waiting time per transaction is 390.479seconds for the facility 'ID chamfering'.The revised design of the line manu-    facturing the bearing gives a tremendous improvement in the production volume from 2870 units to 6377 units.

Conclusion
The productivity is the key concern of any manufacturing system.In this particular line which manufactures the engine thrust bearing, the existing production volume is very low.Hence, in this paper, in the first phase, the existing system has been simulated to find the critical operation(s).Then, the existing system of production of the bearing has been modified based on the suggestions of the first phase of this study.Then the revised

5 Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Block diagram of facilities manufacturing engine thrust bearings.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The legends used in Figure 3 are shown in Figure 2. The GPSS block diagram to simulate production system considered in this paper is shown in Figure 3.The Figure 4 gives the timer segment.The corresponding GPSS program is shown in Figure 5.This contains the names of the GPSS blocks required to simulate the system shown in Figure 3.The simulation model is run for 80 hours, which is 288,000 seconds.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. GPSS program to simulate system shown in Figure 3.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Improved Block diagram of facilities manufacturing engine thrust bearings.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. GPSS program for improved system involving adding of new IDC, ODC, Grinding, and Vibro-finishing machines.

Table 3 .
Results of facilities.

Table 4 .
Results of queues.

Table 5 .
Results of facilities.

Table 6 .
Results of queues.has been simulated and it is found that the revised model gives tremendous improvement in the production volume for the engine thrust bearing line. model