Output Voltage Ripple ( OVR ) Reduction of Boost Converter Using Particle Swarm Optimization

KY Boost Converter, a modern invention in the field of non-isolated DC-DC boost converter is identified for minimum voltage ripple. KY boost converter is the combination of KY converter and traditional boost converter. Such a converter has continuous input and output inductor current, different from the traditional boost converter. And hence this converter is very suitable for very low-ripple applications. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based controller, FUZZY based controller and open loop KY boost converter are designed in MATLAB/Simulink model. The simulated results show a reduction in output ripple from 1.18 V of the existing open loop KY boost converter output to 0.54 V in the FUZZY logic controlled converter output. Further reduction in output ripple to 0.29 V is achieved in the proposed PSO based converter. The simulated results also show the variation of switching pulses based on the different existing and proposed method.


Introduction
For the function of the power supply using the low voltage battery, analog circuits, such as radio-frequency (RF) amplifier, audio amplifier, often need very high voltage to obtain enough output power and voltage amplitude.This is done by boosting the minimum voltage to the required high voltage.For such applications, the output voltage ripple must be taken into account purposefully.Regarding the conventional non-isolated voltage-boosting converter, their output currents are pulsating; thereby the corresponding output voltage ripple tends to be large.As generally approved, to overcome this problem, one way is the usage and low equivalent series resistance (ESR), another way is to add inductance-capacitance (LC) filter.In [1], the interleaved control scheme is employed in the dual buck-boost converters.In the literature [2] [3] [4], the voltagelift technique is utilized to boost the output voltage.Also several controlling techniques like coupling inductors [5], sliding mode converter [6] and loop bandwidth control [7] were used for voltage ripple reduction.But these converters [2]- [7] have one right-half plane zero in CCM mode.So it is not easy to achieve required boosted output voltage.And hence the KY boost converter [8] [9] [10] is presented to overcome this problem.But these converters [8] [9] [10] do not obtain the expected output voltage and also having large amount of output voltage ripple.The FUZZY logic controller based converter [11] is presented to overcome this problem.The FUZZY based converter [11] can produce the expected output voltage but the ripple reduction performance is not so good.To reduce the ripple in a very effective manner PSO based controller is used and the detailed illustration of the proposed converter is described herein, along with some experimental results to justify the effectiveness of such a converter.is a buffer between the KY converter and the traditional boost converter.The output load is represented by the load resistor R .

Mode 1 Operation of KY Boost Converter
In Figure 3 V , thereby causing 0 L to be demagnetized.Also, the current flowing through 0 C is equal to Lo i minus the current flowing through R .And hence, the corresponding differential equations are given by ( 1) to (4).

Mode 2 Operation of KY Boost Converter
In Figure 4, 1 S is turned on and 2 S is turned off.In this case, 1 S is in the on-state  And hence, the corresponding differential equations are given by ( 5) to (8).
( ) ( )( ) ( ) where, According to the small-ripple approximation and the voltage-second balance, the voltage ratio can be obtained to be From Equations ( 9) to ( 14), we can obtain the specification values for KY boost converter.Here 2% of ripple will be taken for finding the specification values for KY boost converter.

KY Boost Converter Specifications
Table 1 gives a detailed specification adopted for analyzing the performance of KY boost converter.

KY Boost Converter Simulink Modeling
The KY boost converter realized in Simulink model is represented by Figure 5

Modeling of PSO
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) comes from the research on the bird and fish flock movement behavior which is used to find the global minimum of the proposed objective function.In this method a swarm of particles describe a candidate solution move in the search space.Each particle position represents the objective function which is depending on the variables defined by the optimization problem.It is simple and easy to implement.It does not require any specific information about the converter model as well as the system parameters.And the calculation is very simple but the step for the calculation is high.Figure 7 shows the steps to be adapted for PSO.

PSO Controller Simulink Modeling
The aim of the present work is to find out the optimized vector of the switching angles, for which the ripple components are limited to acceptable low level or even to be eliminated.On the other side, the obtained average value has to be equal or closer to the reference or desired output voltage.To fulfill these requirements an objective function which has to be minimized is proposed as follows: ( ) where, This function contains two terms, the error between the desired average voltage and the obtained output average voltage and the output voltage ripple which is to be eliminated.For reducing the output voltage ripple the output voltage should satisfy the following Constrain.

Simulation Results and Discussion
The simulated results of the KY boost converter with input voltage 12 V and the rated output voltage of 36 V for a load current of 10.36 A is simulated with Matlab/Simulink R2013a as shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the switching pulse of KY boost converter for S1 and S2.The inverted switching pulse of S1 is given to S2. Figure 12 shows the output voltage for 12 V input voltage in closed loop condition of KY boost converter using FUZZY controller.It clearly shows that the output voltage ripple for an output voltage of 36 V is about 0.54 V.
Figure 13 shows the switching pulse of KY boost converter using PSO algorithm based controller for S1 and S2.The inverted pulse of S1 is given to S2.From this it is observed that the duty cycle will be varied based on the updating of position and velocity.
Figure 14 shows the output voltage for 12 V input voltage in closed loop condition of KY boost converter using PSO based controller.It clearly shows that the output  voltage ripple for an output voltage of 36 V is about 0.29 V.

Conclusion
The problem of the KY Boost converter output voltage ripple is presented in this paper.The Particle Swarm Optimization PSO algorithm is used to solve this problem using an objective function.This objective function contains a defined number of switching angles pattern depending on the degree of ripple reduction.The resulting output values of the proposed PSO Controller are compared with the existing FUZZY logic controller   output and the open loop system.The minimization of output voltage ripple from 1.18 V in open loop system to 0.54 V in FUZZY based converter and further minimization to 0.29 V in PSO based converter is proved by the simulation results comparison shown in Table 2.And the future work could be continued by using various renewable sources as an input voltage source instead of constant voltage source like battery and can be

Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the overall block diagram of the controlled converter.Reduction of the output voltage ripple can be achieved by giving the proper switching pulse for the converter switch.The proper switching pulse is given by the proper controller design for PWM generator.Here the actual voltage ( act V ) and reference voltage ( ref V ) are taken as a feedback parameters for controller design.The output of the controller is a control signal which is compared with the reference signal in the PWM generator for producing the proper switching pulse to operate the KY boost converter.Based on the controller design the switching pulse get vary and based on the switching pulse variation the output voltage ripple reduces and output voltage increases.Here the supply for KY converter is given by battery source.

Figure 2 Figure 1 .
Figure 2 shows the proposed positive-voltage KY boost converter composed of the KY converter combined with the traditional boost converter.The KY converter consist of
voltage in Volts.i V = input voltage in Volts.

Fuzzy controller is designed
to control the output voltage ripple of the KY boost converter.The input to the Fuzzy controller is error (e) and change in error (ce), where the error (e) is the deviation of output voltage 0 V and reference voltage ref V .The output of Fuzzy controller is duty cycle (d).To generate the switching signal for KY boost converter, the duty cycle (d) is given to a PWM generator.Figure 6 shows the Simulink model of the Fuzzy controller for KY boost converter which subsists of Fuzzy controller, PWM generator block with KY boost converter block with reference output voltage of 36 V.The switching frequency generated by the PWM generator block is 195 kHz which is fed to the KY boost converter switches.Fuzzy Controller Simulink ModelingThe Fuzzy logic controller consists of Mamdani fuzzy inference system.The fuzzifier consists of two inputs (i.e.) error (e) and change in error (ce).The triangular membership function is used to represent the inputs and the output.The defuzzifier consists of output duty cycle (d).The Fuzzy rule base consists of 8 fuzzy rules which are used to produce duty cycle (d) for KY boost converter switches.

Figure 10 showsFigure 11
Figure 10 shows the output voltage for 12 V input voltage in open loop condition of KY boost converter.It clearly shows that the output voltage ripple for an output voltage of 32.18 V in open loop condition is about 1.18 V. max min OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE 32.18 V 31 V 1.18 V V V = − = − = Figure 11 shows the switching pulse of closed loop KY boost converter using fuzzy logic controller for S1 and S2.The inverted pulse of S1 is given to S2.From this it is observed that the duty cycle will be varied based on error and change in error of output voltage.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Switching pulse for KY boost converter in open loop condition.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Output voltage waveform of open loop KY boost converter.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Switching pulse for KY boost converter in closed loop condition using FUZZY logic controller.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Output voltage waveform of closed loop KY boost converter using FUZZY logic controller.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Switching pulse for KY boost converter in closed loop condition using PSO based controller.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Output voltage waveform of closed loop KY boost converter using PSO based controller.

Table 1 .
Specifications adopted for KY boost converter.
i L 0.402 mH Figure 5. KY boost converter Simulink model.

Table 2 .
Comparison of existing and proposed technique output.