Factors Affecting Water Supply in Owah-Abbi, Delta State

This study aims at examining the factors that influence inadequate water supply in Owah-Abbi. The research was conducted by applying the survey research design and data relevant to the topic of study were generated via direct field measurement and administration of questionnaire. Findings include: major sources of water in Owah Abbi Community including Borehole (57.33%), hand dug well (21.33%) and River/Stream water (12%), and those who depend on rain water are 9.33%. It was also revealed that in Owah-Abbi Community water is provided by Government (42.66%); Community (20.67%); Individual efforts (10.67%) and other bodies (26%). Similarly, causes of the water shortage in Owah-Abbi Community included corruption (37.33%); unfavourable Government policies (25.33%); while 17.33% blamed it on the theft and vandalization of OwahAbbi water supply facilities. Others were the poor management culture of the facilities (8.67%), Erratic Power supply in the community (6.67%), Faulty Hydraulic equipment (2.67%) and carelessness (2%). The study recommended that the government should provide water for the people of Owah-Abbi as a matter of urgency; protection of the existing water infrastructures was also required; the people of Owah-Abbi should be advised on the need to purify water; enlightenment programs should be carried out in the area.


Introduction
In the past few decades, there have been frantic efforts to provide domestic water for both the rural and urban areas in the developed countries.Yet in Africa and other less developed continents, there is still no sufficient water for domestic use [1] [2].Similarly, while some parts of these developing countries have access to clean and unpolluted water for domestic use, some other parts especially the rural poor may have to trek long distances, pay so much to get even less than the needed daily amount of water to use [3].
However, clean and unpolluted water is a basic requirement for sustainable development [4].This thus prompted the government of countries at the United Nation summit in the year 2000 to list provision of clean water as one of the major targets of the millennium development goals [5].However, with this level of importance, accorded water it is sad to remark that in the rural areas of Nigeria where about 50% of the total population resides, 60% to 65% of the population do not have access to clean and unpolluted water [4].Therefore, in an attempt to capture the factors responsible for poor access to portable water in the rural areas of the developing countries [6], some factors which include and not restricted to design, performance and maintenance, societal problems, institutional failures, financial impediments etc. are identified.In the view of [7], factors that account for the low access to domestic water supply include poor water supply facilities, poor technical capacity of the host communities and a lack of adequate regulatory frame work that captures portable water supply.Furthermore, [4] suggested that the factors of rural water supply included lack of maintenance, lack of community participation, lack of co-ordination and co-operation among stakeholders, politics, inefficient monitoring, and poor attitude towards government property.However, when the basic water requirement (BWR) per person per day as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) (which is 20 ltrs) is not provided, problems that include poor sanitation, spread of diseases, exhaustion, etc. will become prevalent in any geographic space [8]- [15].
In Owah-Abbi, there are shortages in water for domestic use.The people have to travel far distances to get portable water for home use.This has resulted in untold hardship for the people there.However there are few individual that can afford personal borehole in the area since the cost for erecting storage tanks ranges from 450 to 500 thousand Naira.Even the few privately owned borehole owners complain of not having power (for two years now) to pump water and rather resort to the use of generators.All these have either forced the people in the area to use the water from the river Ethiopie, which is polluted [16], or harvest rainwater which is acidic [17], or use less than the required amount of water per day in a household.All these problems stated have social and health implications on the people there.This study is however set out to find out the factors affecting water supply in Owah-Abbi.

Materials and Methods
Owah-Abbi is located in the South geopolitical zone of Nigeria.It is located between latitude 5˚50'N and 5˚52'N and longitude 6˚8' East and 6˚11' of the Greenwich meridian (see Figure 1).Owah-Abbi is bounded to the west by river Ethiope, the east by Ebedei and in the south by Obinomba and the total land area of the community is 2016 km sq.The entire Delta State is a region built up of sedimentation of the Niger Delta and consists of the Delta in various stages of development of which Owah-Abbi in Ukwuani Local Government falls within.The area is located on a relatively low land, but towards the Northern region of the area the land scape slopes gently, forming the valley drain of the river Ethiope and across the river the land rises gently forming a high land.This singular factor thus affects the depth of the water table which in turn increases the amount it costs to sink a borehole in the area.Owah-Abbi enjoys tropical equatorial climate with long wet season of over 8 months, with a break in August.Apart from the wet season, Owah-Abbi also experiences dry season which is characterized by high temperature (27˚C -31˚C) which normally last between 2 -3 months (December to February).The rain fall type in the area is mainly of conventional rainfall.However the factors that account for the prevailing climate in the area include the prevalence of the Tropical (mT) air mass, and the tropical continental (cT) air mass.The mT air mass which is warm, moist and humid prevails almost throughout the year and usher in rainfall into the area during the period of its prevalence.While the cT on the other hand is dry and dusty and this air mass brings in the harmattan season and it lasts for two to three months [18].Apart from these two factors that affect the climate of the area, some urbanization activities and gas flaring from neighbouring town (Ebedei) has also lead to increase temperature, acid rainfall phenomenon and low relative humidity [18].
The people there are mainly farmers who specialize in agricultural product such as plantain, yam, Garri.Thus on market days popularly known as Olie which attract a large number of people from the surrounding towns and cities presents the farmers with the opportunity to sell their farm produce such as Garri, plantain, yam etc however at a very cheap price.This further explains the reason why the people cannot afford a borehole of their own and would rather prefer to trek far distances to get water that is portable and fit for domestic use.In terms of the methods of study the study adopted the survey research design and 150 copies of questionnaire were administered in the area for data generation on the factors responsible for poor domestic water supply in the area.The sampling technique used for the study is the stratified/random sampling technique.The stratified sampling technique was used when the area was first stratified into five zones (Elike, Obedandu, Obioyeonicha, Owah-Abbi and Obioluku quarters) based on existing quarters in the area (see Table 1).After stratification 150 copies of questionnaire were distributed randomly on respondents in the different quarters based on 10 % of the total number of households (see Table 1).To validate the instrument (questionnaire) of the study, the test-retest method of questionnaire validation was used.However, data generated were presented in tables and graphs, while data analysis was done using the simple percentage method.

Data Presentation and Discussion of Results
In Table 2, age distribution of respondents is displayed.From the table, 8% of the total respondents are below the age of twenty, 21 -30 are 19.33%, 31 -40 years occupy 38.67%, while 41 -50 years and above 50 years of age occupy 24 and 10 % respectively (for graphical display, see Figure 2).
In Table 3, data of sampled population show that while 32% of the total respondents are not married, 68% of the respondents are married.
From Table 4, students' account for 16% of the total respondents, farmers are 38.67%.Civil servants account for 2.67%, while business men and women account for 42.67%.However, we should not think of these business men and women as of big time business practitioners but rather they are trades who act as middle men to the farmers and in turn collect remunerations from the farmer who need the money from their proceeds to purchase other things they need from the market.This occupational status of respondents partly explains the level of income as expressed in Table 5.It therefore follows that subjecting such persons to such harsh conditions as buying water for domestic use have some far reaching implication on issues relating to sanitation and health of the people there.This is because they do not have the financial capacity to purchase water that would satisfy the WHO per person/day water requirement standard.In Table 5, financial distributions of the respondents show that the people are low income earners.For instance only about 30% of the total respondents earn up to 20,000 or above 30,000 thousand naira.Although these values look high, however it only translates into 670 and 1000 naira daily income.Compare with the household sizes in Table 6, it translate into crisis when such income earners are subjected to providing water for themselves.
In Table 6, the various house hold sizes of the respondents are displayed.From Tables 1-5 persons per house hold is 13%, 5 persons per household represent 34.7% of the total respondents, while above five people is 52%.This reveals what financial burden it is on the people there in terms of purchasing portable water for domestic use.
The major source of water for domestic use is displayed in Table 7. From the table it shows that the major sources of water for domestic use in the area include borehole (57.33%), well water (21.22%),rain water (9.33%), rivers and streams (12%).What is worrisome about this finding is that at this age people are still subjected to the use of rain water and river water for domestic use.Yet [17], [20] reported that the area is experiencing acid precipitation due in part to the flaring activities taking place at the adjacent community (Ebedei) and [16] reported that due to socio economic activities taking place along the Ethiope river course the river is polluted.It therefore implies that some of Owah-Abbi dwellers are forced to ingest unsafe water either for financial reasons or distance.
In Table 8, it shows that 42.67% of the total respondents depend on water provided by Government.Community occupies 20.27%, while individual and other sources (buying from vendors, tanker drivers, rainfall, river etc.) occupy 10.67% and 26% respectively.However, some respondents explained that when there is no power (and there is hardly power), they are forced to subscribe to other means of getting water.
In Table 9, 65.33% suggest that there is water in Owah-Abbi, while 15.33% just agrees.Disagree occupies 5.33%, strongly disagree occupies 14%.However only a small of this water available is either useable or come from the one provided by the government water projects (see Table 10).
In Table 10, water projects are not functioning well in the area.This conclusion is hinged on the fact that,     only 5.33% and 0.67% strongly agrees and agrees to the fact that government water projects are working.While 12% and 82% disagree and strongly disagree to the fact that government water projects are working.This exposes the fact that government water projects are not working well in the area owing to problems such as is displayed in Table 11.
In Table 11, factors responsible for the shortage of water in the area include government policies 25.33%.These borders on issues relating to location decision and decision on the management of existing water project(s).Theft and vandalism is 17.33%, poor management culture 8.67%, corruption 37.33% (which is on both the part of government and community leaders); faulty hydraulic equipment 2.67%, erratic power supply 6.67% while carelessness occupies only 2% (see Figure 3).This study varies in findings from that of [4] [6] [7], by identifying; theft and vandalism, erratic power supply, and government policies as additional factors that could affect domestic water supply in rural areas In Table 12, it is obvious that there is water hardship in the area as only 24% of respondents get water from sources less than 1 km from their homes.In fact some of the respondents suggested that they have to go to neighbouring villages and towns to get safe and drinkable water.This situation is serious and requires urgent attention as maximum distance from household to domestic water source is put at 500 meters WHO.
Table 13 shows that 9.33% of the total respondents use between 20 -40 litres of water per day per household.14% use between 40 -60 litres of water per day per household 60 -80 litres of water; 45.33% use 80 -100 litres of water, while 3.33% use up to 100 litres and above of water per household per day.Looking at the minimum standard of per person/day usage of water (which is 20 litres) and the household sizes in the area makes this water consumption worrisome.

Conclusion and Recommendations
This study has shown that the major sources of domestic water in the study area include borehole (57.33%), well water (21.33%),rain water (9.33%), and river (12%).However government only provides 42.67% of the total water available for domestic use in the area.Individuals (10.67%), community (20.67%), and other sources (26%) provide the remaining 56.33%.This shows that the people in the area are forced in most of the occasional need of water to provide water for themselves.Furthermore it is made lucid that most of the water projects introduced in the area have either not functioned well or not functioned at all, as 12% and 82% of the total respondents disagree and strongly disagree respectively to the fact that water projects introduced in the area by government have functioned well in the area over the years.
However, the factors that have been listed by respondents as responsible for the shortfall in domestic water include government policies (25.33%), theft and vandalism (17.33%), poor management culture (8.67%), corruption (37.33%), faulty hydraulic equipment (2.67%), erratic power supply (6.69%), and carelessness (2%).These factors thus affect the distance it takes the people in the area to get portable water as some respondents travel as much as 4 km to get drinking water and water for other domestic uses in the area.As a result of this distance, people travel before they get portable water, and average amount of water used in the area ranges from 20 litres to 100 litres per household.This is grossly short of the WHO standard for basic daily water requirement.Based on   these findings, it becomes important to recommend the following strategies that will help reduce the problem of water supply in Owah-Abbi.Hence the following: 1) The government of Delta State is by this study advised to provide water for the people of Owah-Abbi, because to prevent diseases and live a healthy life clean water is required.This should be done in a sustainable manner through the involvement of the community and quarter heads.In such a way, the people there will see themselves as stakeholders and thus find a way of protecting the water projects.Similarly, the water project should be located at central places in each of the zones as in Table 1.This will help reduce the distance it takes the villagers to get water.
2) There is a need to find a way of protecting the existing water infrastructures in the area.This should be done with the help of police and community vigilante.
3) As a short term plan, Owah-Abbi inhabitants are advised on the need to purify water using local and affordable means such as boiling, before ingestion.
4) Enlightenment programs should be carried out in the area.This should be done in both English and local languages (such as Ukwani and Urhobo), so that everybody there will be informed of the need to protect and use future water facilities.Similarly such enlightenment programme will help reduce vandalism, carelessness towards the use of water facilities, and improve the management culture of water facilities.
It is hoped that as these steps are applied in Owah-Abbi, scarcity of portable water will reduce.

Table 1 .
The sampling frame work for the study.

Table 2 .
Age distribution of respondents.

Table 3 .
Marital status of respondents.

Table 4 .
Occupation distribution of respondents.

Table 5 .
Income distribution of respondents.

Table 6 .
Household sizes of respondents.

Table 7 .
The major source of water supply in Owah-Abbi community.

Table 9 .
Presence of water projects in Owah-Abbi community.

Table 10 .
All water projects are functional.

Table 11 .
Causes of domestic water shortages in Owah-Abbi community.

Table 12 .
Distance from water source to respondents home.

Table 13 .
Usage of water per household.