Finite Element Analysis ( FEA ) for the Beam-Column Joint Subjected to Cyclic Loading Was Performed Using ANSYS

This paper analyses the seismic performance of exterior beam-column joints strengthened with unconventional reinforcement detailing. The beam-column joint specimens were tested with reverse cyclic loading applied at the beam end. The samples were divided into two groups based on the joint reinforcement detailing. The first group (Group A) of three non-ductility specimens had joint detailing in accordance with the construction code of practice in India IS456-2000, and the second group (Group B) of three ductility specimens had joint reinforcement detailed as per IS13920-1993, with similar axial load cases as the first group. The experimental studies are proven with the analytical studies carried out by finite element models using ANSYS. The results show that the hysteresis simulation is satisfactory for both un-strengthened and ferrocement strengthened specimens. Furthermore, when ferrocement strengthening is employed, the strengthened beam-column joints exhibit better structural performance than the un-strengthened specimens of about 31.56% and 38.98 for DD-T1 and DD-T2 respectively. The analytical shear strength predictions were in line with the test results reported in the literature, thus adding confidence to the validity of the proposed models.


Introduction
Beam-column joints are an important part of reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames in earthquakeprone areas.The cross sections of beams and columns that are close to the joints in RC structures are critical, and under the impacts of strong earthquake waves, they are exposed to large bending moments and shear forces.The moment resistance frame in the beam-column joint controls the transmission of force to the structure.In RC frames designed for gravity loads, the design check for joints is not normal.In recent seismic attacks, the joints collapsed due to shear failure.The moment resistance frame should be sufficient in terms of the overall sizes at the preliminary design, and the joint should be provided with necessary reinforcement.For structures in low and medium seismic zones, the seismic effect should be considered.Reinforcement of the structure as per the general code of practice may not meet the present seismic codal provision.A beam-column joint is structurally less efficient when subjected to large lateral loads, which include strong winds, earthquakes and explosions.For structures in these areas, high percentages of traverse hoops in the joint core are required to achieve high strength, stiffness and ductility under cyclic loading.[1] conducted experimental and analytical studies using ANSYS, and additional cross bracing reinforcement improved the seismic performance.[2] used continuous SIMCON jackets to increase the confinement of column lap splice in the joint region.[3] carried out nonlinear dynamic analysis by hysteretic response of the exterior beam-column joint with stiffness degradation without the punch effect and with low and high punch effects.[4] conducted two groups of different joint designs of reinforcement details: joints reinforced with traditional steel rebar and another group of prefabricated cage system (PCS).Their study concluded that the PCS reinforced joints had slightly higher strength.[5] [6] found that rehabilitated specimens with GFRP and CFRP strengthened specimen exhibited an improved load carrying capacity and a higher rate of stiffness than the virgin specimens.[7] studied the exterior beam-column joint specimen design per IS456-2000 and IS13920-1993 and tested the specimens under push-pull load.Then, the specimen designed per IS456-2000 was retrofitted using GFRP-AFRP/AFRP-GFRP hybrid fibre sheet, and the performance was compared to the reference specimen.The study concluded that the specimen designed using IS13920-1993 showed a 10% -11% higher load carrying capacity compared to the IS456-2000 specimen.[8] investigated the effect of different strengthening methods of exterior joint ends under various axial loads.Existing reinforced concrete (RC) columns may be structurally deficient due to a variety of causes such as improper transverse reinforcement and insufficient load carrying capacity flaws in structural design.Carbon or glass fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement can be effectively used for strengthening deficient RC columns.Researchers have attempted to investigate the experimental behaviour of GFRP wrapped small scale square RC columns with varying corner radii.Three columns were unwrapped and designated as the control specimens.Three columns each with corner radii equivalent to a cover of 25 mm were wrapped with one and two layers of GFRP, respectively.The GFRP wrapped columns underwent higher axial displacement to gain higher compressive strength over the control column.[9]- [11] found that increasing the number of layers of the GFRP wrapping for RC columns under axial load achieved higher maximum strength and larger maximum strain.However, the strength increase is not linearly proportional to the number of GFRP layers.[12]- [14] found that FRP rehabilitation schemes exhibit remarkable enhancement in terms of the load carrying capacity of the specimen.Beam-column joints were made according to the existing practice and were tested under cyclic lateral loading to calculate the effect of using high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete instead of conventional concrete in the joint region.Qualities such as the ultimate strength, the energy dissipation capacity, the ductility, and the joint stiffness of the control concrete specimens were analysed compared to those containing different amounts of brass-coated fibres or hook steel fibres.According to IS13920-1993 and IS456-2000, the performances of exterior joint assemblages were analysed using FEA software and compared to the retrofitted specimen.
According to ACI549, ferrocement is a thin walled section less than 25 mm thick containing closely spaced small diameter wire mesh and cement mortar.In this study, ferrocement laminates with two different V f of 1.72 and 3.44 and with welded and woven mesh with 2:1 CM for the cross section of 500 mm × 125 mm × 25 mm thick laminate were casted.The properties of the welded and woven meshes used in the ferrocement laminate were diameters of 1.42 mm and 0.82 mm and openings of 16 mm and 4.5 mm, with cross-sectional areas of 1.58 mm 2 and 0.52 mm 2 , ultimate strengths of 482.24 N/mm 2 and 692.36 N/mm 2 and moduli of elasticity of 0.71 × 105 N/mm 2 and 1.36 × 105 N/mm 2 , respectively.
In the present study, the beam-column joints [15] [16] designed per IS456-2000 and IS13920-1993 are retrofitted using ferrocement laminates and tested under reverse cyclic load.

RC Beam-Column Joint
Six specimens of external beam-column joints with cross sections for both beams and columns of 230 mm × 230 mm with a beam of 1.25 m span and a column 2 m high were casted.The reinforcement detailing for three of the specimens is according to IS456-2000 (non-ductile), and the remaining three specimens are per IS13920-1993 (ductile).In the non-ductile specimens, the reinforcement provided are 4 -12 mm ϕ bar and 8 mm ϕ stirrups at a spacing of 150 mm c/c uniformly for the beam and column.The reinforcement provided for the ductile specimens are 4 -12 mm ϕ bar and 8 mm ϕ stirrups at a spacing of 100 mm and 75 mm in the non-anchorage and anchorage zones, respectively, in the beam and column.The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The details of ferrocement laminate strengthening for the beam-column joint is shown in Table 1.

Wrapping of Ferrocement Laminates
The surface of the beam-column joints and the ferrocement laminates are cleaned and prepared prior to bonding the laminates to the joint.COROCRETIN IHL-18 is used for the bonding of the ferrocement laminate with the beam-column joint.A 2 mm thick bonding liner has been provided constantly for all of the retrofitted specimens.The details of the ferrocement laminates wrapping pattern are shown in Figure 3.

Test Set-Up
A hydraulic jack of 500 kN capacity was used for the axial positioning of the column but did not restrain the direction of the axial load of the column.To hold the specimen in place, 20% of the axial load, i.e., 100 kN, was applied to the column.A 500 kN capacity hydraulic push and pull jack was used to produce the reverse cyclic load in the beam portion.A point load was applied at 50 mm from the free end of the beam, and the reverse increment was noted by applying the load at a 5 mm displacement for push and pull throughout the testing.A linear variable differential transducer with a range of ±75 mm was used to measure the displacement at the loading point.Figure 4 shows the diagrammatic representation of the test setup is shown in Furthermore, the increase in the collective energy dissipation for the member retrofitted with ferrocement (DD-1) compared to the non-ductile specimen (ND-1) indicates that ferrocement can be used as a substitute for ductile detailing.Cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness vs displacement is shown in Figure 8.The increase in the total collective energy dissipation for DD-T1 compared to DD-1 is 60%, showing that ferrocement with a volume fraction of 3.44 performs better than ferrocement with a volume fraction of 1.72.Again, the increase in the total collective energy dissipation shows that the ferrocement retrofitting is an efficient strategy for retrofitting existing ductile detailed structures if the seismic zone is upgraded.Cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness

Crack Pattern of Control Specimen
All of the samples showed failure in the beam portion.Furthermore, yielding of the steel was observed at the point of failure.Strain gauges were bonded in the beam portion.However, the strain gauges deboned at the ultimate load and the allowable deflection.The crack patterns of the tested specimens are shown in Figures 10(a)-(f).

Numerical Analysis (ANSYS)
Finite element analysis (FEA) for the beam-column joint subjected to cyclic loading was performed using ANSYS.Further experimental results are studied in compression with analytical results for beam-column joints.
The concrete has been modelled using an eight-node solid element (SOLID 65) capable of handling crushing in compression, creep, cracking in tension and plasticity.An iterative solution is essential because the characteristic of the adapted element is non-linear.The compressive strength of the concrete (f ck ) is 34.23 MPa, the tensile strength of the concrete (f t ) is 3.5 MPa, and the elastic modulus (Es) is 25850 MPa.The reinforcement steel was modelled with a series of two-node link elements (LINK 8).The properties pertaining to the link included an initial yield stress of 448 MPa.The adhesive layer was structured using 3D isotropic elements (SOLID 45).The elasticity of the material property modulus is (Es) 1500 MPa.The boundary conditions were simulated with the precision in the test set-up of the horizontal and vertical restraints, representing a pin connection applied at the top and bottom of the column.The vertical displacements were provided to simulate the cyclic load condition at the end of the beam.The load conditions were used in the test.The top-most columns were subjected to a constant load of 100 kN.The vertical displacement at the free end of the beam was applied using a slowly increasing monotonic method.The results were recorded for every 5 mm vertical displacement up to failure.The hysteresis behaviours of the ND-1, ND-T1, and ND-T2 specimens from the experiment and ANSYS were compared.The maximum loads observed were 20.2 kN, 30.2 kN and 35.8 kN (push) and 18.8 kN, 29.5 kN and 34.6 kN (pull), respectively, in the experiment and 19.3 kN, 28.9 kN and 34.0 kN (push) and 17.9 kN, 28.0 kN and 32.6 kN (pull), respectively, using ANSYS.In both cases, the specimens failed at 30 mm, 40 mm and 40 mm displacements.The energy dissipations observed were 1031.67 kN•mm, 2897.48 kN•mm, and 2733.67

Conclusions
• The strength initial stiffness and energy dissipation of ductile and non-ductile detailed beam-column joints DD-1 and ND-1 showed higher strengths of 16.67%, 8.30% respectively.• The ferrocement for retrofitting increased the energy dissipation capacity and is more efficient for reinforced beam-column joints in seismic regions.In addition, the non-ductile reinforced beam-column joint can be vitalized by strengthening using ferrocement laminates.• The non-ductile specimen ND-1, compared with the ferrocement-strengthened ND-T1 and ND-T2, showed increased strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity by 33.11%, 45.40% and 23.8% and 37.5%, 64.39% and 74.07%, respectively.• The ductile specimen DD-1, compared with the ferrocement-strengthened DD-T1 and DD-T2, showed increased strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity of 31.56%,46.50% and 27.27% and 38.98%, 59.89% and 66.56%, respectively.• Analytical modelling gives a close prediction of the experimental behaviour of beam-column joints.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Reinforcement details for non ductile joint.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The detail of the ferrocement laminates wrapping method.

Figure 4 . 2 . 3 . 5 . 6 .
Strength, Stiffness and Energy Dissipation for the Specimens The experimental and the analytical values of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation for the specimens ND-1, DD-1, ND-T1, DD-T1, ND-T2 and DD-T2 are in graph.The hysteresis behaviours of the specimens are shown in Figure The ND-1 and DD-1 specimens failed at 30 mm and 35 mm displacements and collective loads of 1031.67 kN and 1752.57kN, respectively.Cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness vs displacement is shown in Figure The ferrocement retrofitted specimens ND-T1, DD-T1, ND-T2 and DD-T2 failed at 40 mm, 45 mm, 45 mm and 45 mm displacements and collective loads of 2897.48 kN•mm, 4369.96kN•mm, 3979.94kN•mm and 5241.91 kN•mm, respectively.Hysteresis behavior of ferrocement retrofitted specimen as shown in Figure 7.The total collective energy dissipation of ND-T1 and ND-T2 increased by 64% and 75% compared to ND-1.

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 4.The system of beam and column in the loading frame.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness vs displacement.

Figure 11 (
b) shows the deflected shape of the model

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness vs displacement.kN•mm, respectively, in the experiment and 989.34 kN•mm, 2733.67 kN•mm and 3947.47 kN•mm, respectively, using ANSYS.The stiffness observed were 3.0 kN/mm to 0.5 kN/mm, 3.94 kN/mm to 0.65 kN/mm, and 4.8 kN/mm to 0.48 kN/mm, respectively, in the experiment and 2.60 kN/mm to 0.48 kN/mm, 3.4 kN/mm to 0.4 kN/mm and 4.3 kN/mm to 0.45 kN/mm, respectively, using ANSYS.The hysteresis behaviours of the DD-1, DD-T1, and DD-T2 specimens from experiment and ANSYS were compared.The maximum loads observed were 26.5 kN, 35.8 kN and 45.8 kN (push) and 20.5 kN, 34.6 kN and 44.8 kN (pull), respectively, in the experiment and 26.12 kN, 34.0 kN and 44.0 kN (push) and 20.2 kN, 32.6 kN and 42.0 kN (pull), respectively, using ANSYS.In both cases, the specimen failed at 35 mm, 45 mm and 45 mm displacements.The energy dissipations observed were 1752.57kN•mm, 4369.96kN•mm, and 5241.91 kN•mm, respectively, in the experiment and 1734.12kN•mm, 4149.16kN•mm and 5011.08 kN•mm, respectively, using ANSYS.The stiffnesses observed were 3.0 kN/mm to 0.26 kN/mm, 4.95 kN/mm to 0.38 kN/mm, and 5.9 kN/mm to 0.64 kN/mm, respectively, in the experiment and 3.60 kN/mm to 0.32 kN/mm, 4.9 kN/mm to 0.34 kN/mm and 5.6 kN/mm to 0.62 kN/mm, respectively, using ANSYS.The analytical values are compared to the

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.(a) ANSYS model for beam column joint.(b) Deflected shape of Beam column joint.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness vs displacement.

Table 1 .
Details of beam column joint specimens.