Electrical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement in Detection of MidIR Signals by Four-Wave Mixing in As 2 S 3-on-LiNbO 3 Waveguides

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) signals can be converted to near-infrared (near-IR) wavelengths in As2S3on-LiNbO3 waveguides by high efficiency four-wave mixing. It provided us a solution to detect mid-IR signals indirectly by state-of-the-art near-IR detectors. High efficiency four-wave mixing was demonstrated and electrical signal-to-noise ratio (eSNR) improvement was also investigated. Compared to direct detection by PbSe and HgCdTe (MCT) mid-IR detectors, the calculation indicated that, at room temperature, the indirect detection to mid-IR signals increased the electrical signal-to-noise ratio up to 67 dB.


Introduction
There is a wide variety of mid-IR applications in different fields, including environment, medicine and military.Mid-IR detectors are extremely limited in terms of operation condition, noise performance and speed [1].On the contrary, state-of-the-art near-IR detectors have advantages in these aspects.Since detectors at near-IR wavelengths exhibit superior performances in speed, noise and sensitivity, the indirect detection scheme is promising to improve the detection performance [2].As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguides can provide an excellent solution to wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing.
Four-wave mixing (FWM) is a third-order nonlinear process.In degenerate FWM, if the phase-matching con-dition is met, two pump photons and a signal photon will generate an idler photon.Previously, we successfully fabricated low-loss As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 for mid-IR at 4.8 µm [3]- [7].Taking advantage from it, our phasematched As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguides can be utilized to achieve high efficiency FWM [8], which converts 4.6 µm mid-IR signals to 1.32 µm for indirect detection.With high parametric conversion efficiency, significant electrical signal-to-noise ratio improvement can be expected.
In this paper, we demonstrated high efficiency FWM design in As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguides with thin MgF 2 cladding on top.Under 0.1 GW/cm 2 pump power intensity at 2.05 µm, mid-IR signals at 4.6 µm can be converted to 1.32 µm near-IR signals with −10.5 dB parametric conversion efficiency.In order to analyze the eSNR improvement in indirect detection, we calculated the noise performance in detection of 4.6 μm mid-IR signals by using PbSe and MCT mid-IR detectors and In GaAs near-IR detector after an As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 wavelength converter.Our calculation showed that the indirect detection to mid-IR signals can increase the eSNR up to 67 dB, which is 17 dB higher than the results in silicon waveguides in [2].In order to achieve high efficiency FWM, phase-matching condition has to be satisfied.Figure 2 shows the phase mismatch curve for our As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguide design, where As 2 S 3 is 1.42 μm wide and 2.7 μm height with 0.089 μm MgF 2 cladding on top.MgF 2 , which has wide transmission range (0.2 μm -7 μm) at mid-IR, is a good candidate for cladding material because of its ruggedness and durability.It also keeps the potential of optical tuning by adding electrodes on it [8].Since the phase-matching condition is met at 1.32 μm, 4.6 μm and the region around the pump wavelength, which means that this design can provide high efficiency FWM process.

Four-Wave Mixing
The parametric conversion efficiency G i is described by Equation (1) as below: ( )  Wavelength (µm) Phase mismatch (/µm) Phase mismatch δκ where g is parametric gain, γ is propagation constant and L eff is the As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguide length for nonlinear process.They can be expressed by Equation ( 2) where Δκ is phase mismatch.The parametric conversion efficiency G i is shown in Figure 3.When L eff is 4 cm and P p is 0.1 GW/cm 2 , the parametric conversion efficiency is −10.5 dB.

Noise
Basically, there are two major types of noises in indirect detection associated with wavelength conversion, including pump transferred noise and quantum noise.Since the noise transfer from pump is considered to be detrimental for large signal powers [9] [10], it is negligible for weak mid-IR signals in our calculations.However, quantum noise should be considered in a parametric process like FWM and it will be transferred to In GaAS photodetector as quantum fluctuation, 2 qt i , described by Equation (3) as below.
( ) where h is Planck constant and c is speed of light.R is responsivity and B e is the electrical bandwidth of In GaAs photodetector in the specification sheet.Pin is incident mid-IR signal power and G i is parametric conversion efficiency in Equation ( 1).Since weak mid-IR signal is considered, we use Pin = 1 μW with 1 GW/cm 2 pump power.Furthermore, there are some intrinsic noises from the detector itself, including thermal noise and shot noise.Thermal noise results from random thermal motion of electrons in a resistor manifests as a fluctuating current, which is described by Equation (4).
( ) where k is Boltzmann constant, T is operating temperature, R L is load resistance and F n is circuitry noise figure.Shot noise is a manifestation of the fact that an electric current consists of a stream of electrons that are generated at random times, shown is Equation (5) ( ) where q is elementary charge and i d is dark current.Since the noise components are characterized, we can simply calculate the noises for indirect detection of mid-IR signals.The parameters used in our calculation are shown in Table 1, which comes from state-of-the-art commercial near-IR and mid-IR detectors in [10] and [11].Figure 4 demonstrates that the noise from InGaAs photodetector at near-IR by FWM at room temperature with incident power of 1 μW.It is obvious that the eSNR of the detector is limited by shot noise at low pump power intensities.However, when pump power intensity increases over 0.25 GW/cm 2 , the parametric conversion efficiency increases and therefore, the quantum noise becomes dominant.At room temperature, thermal noise is little and it can be further improved by cooling of near-IR detector in indirect detection process using thermoelectric cooling (TEC).
Since the noise performance of the near-IR detector is well demonstrated, in order to make comparison for eSNR, it is essential to characterize the mid-IR detectors.There are three types of commercial mid-IR detectors: thermal detectors, photovoltaic (PV) and photoconductive (PC) detectors.Thermal detectors are based on the resistance change by incident mid-IR signals.They have low sensitivity and are also too slow for real-time detection.The operational principle of PV detectors is generating current by absorption of photons with energy beyond their bandgap.Due to the narrow bandgap of mid-IR photons, the excess thermal generation during the detection will lead to considerable dark current and then large shot noise.It is necessary to operate them at low temperature (~70 K) to reduce dark current.In other words, PV detectors are limited by its shot noise level at room temperature.Therefore, only PC detectors are characterized here.
In terms of PC detectors, the voltage change is measured, which results from the conductivity change of the medium by photo-induced carriers.The major noise components of PC detectors include thermal noise, background noise, generation-recombination (G-R) noise and flicker noise.Since a low-pass filter can be used in the system to eliminate flicker noise, the total noise will consist of thermal noise, background noise and G-R noise.As above, Thermal noise is described in Equation ( 4). Background noise is shown in Equation ( 6) where η is quantum efficiency and A is active detector area.Photon flux density EB is described in Equation ( 7) where ε λ is emissivity for the medium material and λ c is cut-off wavelength.Currently, there are two kinds of commercial PC detectors: PbSe and MCT detectors.In view of relative slow response of mid-IR detectors, a 0.1 MHz electrical bandwidth is used.Based on the calculations, thermal noise is dominant in PbSe and MCT detectors.For the same 1 μW incident power at mid-IR, the total noise of PbSe and MCT detectors are 0.01 pA 2 /Hz and 16.73 pA 2 /Hz, respectively.

eSNR Improvement
The eSNR improvement is defined by comparing the eSNR of InGaAs photodetector to those of PbSe and MCT mid-IR photodetectors, as described by Equation ( 8) In order to analyze eSNR enhancement by indirect detection to weak mid-IR signals, we used different input power levels at 0.1 μW, 1 μW and 10 μW in calculations to estimate the detection limit, as presented in Figure 5.Under the same incident power level, the eSNR improvement with respect to PbSe detectors is larger than that with respect to MCT detectors.When the input mid-IR power is 0.1 μW, the largest eSNR improvement is achieved with respect to both PbSe and MCT detectors, which are 67 dB and 32 dB, respectively.In addition, compared to different incident power levels, indirect detection is more advantageous at lower input levels.It is obvious that the eSNR enhancement increases with the increasing pump power intensity until it reaches 1 GW/cm 2 , at which eSNR enhancement saturates resulting from the limit of quantum noise to FWM process.The phenomenon indicates that although the parametric conversion efficiency increases with the increasing pump power intensity, it is cancelled out by the increasing quantum noise.Furthermore, if we don't use TEC system, power radiation will increase thermal noise by heating the medium material.In this case, the pump power is supposed to be controlled in a proper range.Therefore, the maximized eSNR enhancement can be achieved.

Conclusion
In summary, we demonstrate phase-matched As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguide design, which is able to convert 4.6 μm mid-IR signals to 1.32 μm near-IR light for indirect detection.We analyze and compare noise performance for PbSe and MCT mid-IR detectors and InGaAs near-IR detector.Our calculations show that the eSNR improvement by indirect detection of mid-IR signals is 17 dB larger than the results in silicon waveguides in [2].This improvement is more advantageous in detection to weak signals.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. EEC-0540832.

Figure 1
Figure 1 illustrates the indirect detection of mid-IR signals converted to near-IR wavelengths by FWM and detected by near-IR detectors.In order to achieve high efficiency FWM, phase-matching condition has to be satisfied.Figure2shows the phase mismatch curve for our As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 waveguide design, where As 2 S 3 is 1.42 μm wide and 2.7 μm height with 0.089 μm MgF 2 cladding on top.MgF 2 , which has wide transmission range (0.2 μm -7 μm) at mid-IR, is a good candidate for cladding material because of its ruggedness and durability.It also keeps the potential of optical tuning by adding electrodes on it[8].Since the phase-matching condition is met at 1.32 μm, 4.6 μm and the region around the pump wavelength, which means that this design can provide high efficiency FWM process.The parametric conversion efficiency G i is described by Equation (1) as below:

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. InGaAs noise at near-IR for indirect detection.