Zoning of Nitrite and Nitrate Concentration in Groundwater Using Geografic Information System ( GIS ) , Case Study : Drinking Water Wells in Yazd City

Studies have demonstrated that the presence of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water can cause some disease such as cancer and blu baby in the infant. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has since adopted the 10 mg/L standard as the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate-nitrogen and 1 mg/L for nitrite-nitrogen for regulated public water systems. Given the importance of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water as well as GIS ability in spatial analysis of various factors in the groundwater, this study aimed to evaluate concentration of nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water wells of Yazd using two IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) and Kriging models. In this descriptive study, the applied data on the water quality of underground water of Yazd Environmental Health Office and the average annual nitrate and nitrite in 2015 were related to 24 wells in the studied area. The nitrate and nitrite rate in groundwater in wells was compared to the standard amount of Institute of Standard and Industrial Researches and then was analyzed via Arc GIS software using IDW and Kriging interpolation methods. The mean concentration of nitrate was 17.62 ± 3.08 mg/l and for nitrite was 0.011 ± 0.003 mg/l in the wells. In the all studied zone, the nitrate and nitrite rate was in the standard range according to the National Standard of Iran (No. Corresponding author. R. A. Fallahzadeh et al. 92 1053). In this study, Kriging interpolation method was more efficient than IDW method.


Introduction
Nitrogen is an element on the nature.Nitrate and nitrite are two forms of it that can be found in the nature.Drinking water may be polluted by this chemicals, consumption of water that contaminated by this chemicals can cause some serious disease such as cancer, methaemoglobinaemia, etc. Nitrite is more dangerous as nitrate and nitrate can reduce to nitrite, so these reductions can increase the hazardous of this material.Because of alkalin stomach, the infant can be affacted more by nitrate, in the alkalin stomach, nitrate rapidly changed to nitrite, and nitrite can case methaemoglobinaemia, so the HB is unable to transport oxygen to the tissues [1].
Many reasons can cause increase in nitrates, nitrites and other nutrients in ground water such as influence agricultural drainage, influence of industrial wastewater and the type of soil [2] [3].
Today, efforts have been made to use of the new computer and electronic systems for water monitoring [4].A good way to prevent groundwater from pollutions is to investigate the quality of ground water and spatial variability for monitoring water resources.Geographic information system (GIS) is considered as a new and powerful technology that can be used to identify data, analyze, interpret, and consequence the data [5].Inverse distance weighting (IDW) is one of the spatial analysis methods, the effective factor in this model is the distance fort weighting.Another method used in spatial analysis is Kriging model.In this interpolation method which is based on regression, the weight is not only allocated to the distance between the surrounding points, but also is based on the correlation between the measured points [6] [7].Numerous studies use GIS as explored spatial analyses, interpolation, and zoning methods all over the world [8]- [12].In recent years, many researches have been carried out in Iran to study the spatial change of quality and quantity properties of groundwater [13]- [18].While both Kriging and IDW have shown themselves to be suitable in terms of spatial interpolation [15] [17]- [19] in most studies that compared kriging and IDW, Kriging is found to be more accurate [14] [17] [18] and only in a few does IDW show more precision [16].This research aims to range the contamination of groundwater resources with nitrite and nitrate using Kriging and IDW methods in the wells of Yazd city.

Materials and Methods
The research area involved Yazd city including north to the south of the Yazd City at longitude 54.15 to 54.35 and latitude 31.58 to 31.44.Due to its geographical location in the central plateau of Iran, Yazd province has a hot and dry desert climate [19] (Figure 1).
In this descriptive study, the data related to the quality of underground water of Yazd Environmental Health Office as well as the average annual nitrate and nitrite in 2015 (three sampling period per year) were used, which were related to 24 wells in the studied area.In this study used of Arc GIS software in order to spatially analyze the data concerning the Nitrate and Nitrite concentration in ground water in the city of Yazd.
In this study the Krigging and IDW methods used for investigate concentration changes of nitrate and nitrite in groundwater in Yazd in term of space.

Results
In the present study, the nitrate and nitrite concentration of the groundwater was investigated in the Yazd city wells.So, the sampling results of 24 wells in the Yazd city were analyzed.Statistical description (mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation) related to nitrate and nitrite concentrations in the water of wells are displayed in Table 1.
According to Iran's standard of drinking water (No. 1053), Nitrate concentration should be least than 50 mg/l and nitrate concentration should be least than 3 mg/l.The nitrite and nitrate rate was less than the maximum allowable amount according to Iran's standard (No.1053).

Discussion
In this study, the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in the wells of Yazd city was studied.Given the average concentration in 2015, it was found that concentration of nitrate and nitrite in various wells was less than the maximum allowable amount according to Iran's standard.According to the maps of nitrite and nitrate concentration in the studied area, it can be concluded that in studied wells no problem of nitrate and nitrite concentration over the permitted limit (Least than 50 mg/l for nitrate and 3 mg/l for nitrite) was observed and therefore there is no concern regarding related diseases.
The rate of nitrate in groundwater may be influenced by some characterizes such as sewage and the physical characteristics of regional soil such as bedrock type, soil type, well depth, well structure and its domain.Lack of   water quality control, flow gradient from up sites to wells and inappropriate location of wells in the plain can also be affective factors of increasing nitrate concentration in wells [20].The higher nitrate concentrations found in the south and the west of the study areas might be due to the presence of the extensive farming in that zone.Badeenezhad et al. (2012) conducted a study and evaluated nitrate concentrations in groundwater from Shiraz (Iran) by using of ArcView GIS.In this study 220 samples from 55 wells taken in the dry and wet seasons.They demonstrated that by increased the depth of well, nitrate concentrations decreased [13].In the Ostovari et al study (2012), investigated the spatial variability of nitrate in 32 wells of the Lordegan aquifer during 2010.Their results demonstrated that in the all samples the nitrate concentrations were below the WHO limit.In this study the IDW was used for zoning the aquifer.According to the results of IDW mapping, the northern part of the aquifer has the highest nitrate concentrations; it can be related to the leaching of nitrate from agricultural soils [16].Mousavifazl et al. (2013) conducted a study for evaluated nitrate and sodium, in the groundwater of 276 wells in Mashhad (Iran).They used of both Kriging and IDW methods for this study, both of metod had good accuracy in estimating the amount of nitrates.Their results also indicated that Kriging could be more appropriate based on its root mean square error in comparison to inverse distance weight and normal distance weight [17].Abdolahiman-sorkhani et al. (2012) conducted a study for evaluate the spatial distribution of nitrate in 56 wells in Shahrekord (Iran), to this propose they used of Kriging, co-Kriging, inverse distance weighting, and radial basis functions.According to their results, Kriging was the most accurate method for modeling nitrate spatial distribution because of its minimum RMSE.So they used of ordinary Kriging for showing the nitrate spatial distribution in groundwater [14].In a study that conducted by Taghizadeh et al., (2009) evaluated the spatial variation of water quality characteristics using Kriging, co-Kriging and IDW interpolation methods in Rafsanjan, Iran.According to the results of this study, Kriging and co-Kriging methods were more suitable than the IDW method [18].In a study Fathi Hafshejani et al. (2013) evaluated the spatial variability and mapping of nitrate and phosphate in 100 agricultural wells of Shahrekord (Iran) groundwater from 2006 to 2011.The concentrations of nitrate and phosphate were high in the south part of the aquifer; it might be caused by the presence of the municipality treatment plant, intensive cattle farming, shallower water-table, and the inward flow gradient in this area [15].
Mixing water that has a low nitrogen concentration with regional water resources and installing a suitable purification system for drinking water can help in reducing the nitrate concentration [3].

Conclusion
According to the results of the current study, Kriging seems to be more appropriate than IDW for estimating the nitrate content in the groundwater of the Yazd city wells.In the all studied zone, the nitrate and nitrite rate is in the standard range according to the National Standard of Iran (No. 1053).In this study, Kriging interpolation method is more efficient than IDW method.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The location of Yazd city in the country and Yazd province.

Figure 2 (
Figure 2(a) and Figure 2(b) respectively indicate zoning via Kriging method and IDW for the nitrate rate and Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) show zoning for the nitrite rates in the Yazd city wells.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Zoning nitrate concentration in wells using (a) Kriging and (b) IDW methods.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Zoning nitrite concentration in wells using (a) Kriging and (b) IDW methods.

Table 1 .
The statistical description of nitrate and nitrite in the wells of Yazd city.