Effect of Nonlinear Thermal Radiation on Boundary Layer Flow of Viscous Fluid over Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with Injection / Suction

The present study reveals the effect of nonlinear thermal radiation and magnetic field on a boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet with suction or an injection. Using suitable similarity transformations, governing partial differential equations were reduced to higher order ordinary differential equations and further these are solved numerically using of Keller-Box method. Effect of flow controlling parameter on velocity, temperature and nanoparticle fluid concentration, local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood numbers are discussed. It is found that the dimensionless velocity decreases and temperature, concentration are increased with the increasing of magnetic parameter. The temperature profile is an increasing function of thermal radiation when it is increasing.


Introduction
Boundary layer behaviour with the heat and mass transfer over a nonlinear stretching sheet in the presence of * Corresponding author.thermal radiation is very important for various engineering and industrial applications.These applications involve the cooling of continuous strips or filaments by drawing them through a quiescent fluid.Flow past a stretching surface with different stretching velocity has been addressed previously.Grubka et al. [1] studied the effect of heat transfer characteristics of a boundary layer flow of fluids flow over a linear continuous stretching surface.Chen et al. [2] studied the heat transfer effect of a boundary layer flow over a linear stretching sheet which was subjected to suction/blowing in the present of the sheet with prescribed wall temperature and heat flux.Kumaran and his group [3] examined the transition effect of boundary layer flow due to a presence and an absence of magnetic field over a viscous flow past a stretching sheet and analyzed the task numerically by implicit finite difference technique (Crank-Nicholson method).Bakar et al. [4] investigated the steady laminar flow over a stretching sheet with a convective boundary condition by the considering of the effect of partial slip.Krishnamurthy et al. [5] investigated the effect of viscous dissipation on hydromagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer of nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with fluid-particle suspension.However, studies on heat and mass, transfer in the laminar boundary layer flow over a non-linear stretching sheet is very less.It is well known to the all research community that the stretching is not necessarily linear in many industrial applications.Many authors analysed flow, heat and mass transfer transport of both Netonian and non-Newtonian fluid over nonlinear stretching surfaces.Rana and Bhargava [6] numerically investigated, steady, laminar boundary fluid flow which results from the non-linear stretching of a flat surface in a nanofluid.Khan et al. [7] studied three-dimensional flow of nanofluid over an elastic sheet stretched non-linearly in two lateral directions and the results of their study reveal that penetration depths of temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction are decreasing functions of the power-law index.Pal and Mandal [8] obtained numerical solution by fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting technique for magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting convective nanofluids induced by a non-linear vertical stretching/shrinking sheet with viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, and Ohmic heating.Mabood et al. [9] obtained numerical results for MHD laminar boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting water-based nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet with viscous dissipation effect.Das [10] performed a numerical investigation, to study the problem of boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over non-linear permeable stretching sheet at prescribed surface temperature in the presence of partial slip.
Heat transfer, influenced by thermal radiation has applications in many technological processes, including nuclear power plants, gas turbines and the various propulsion devices for aircraft, missiles, satellites and space vehicles.But a linear radiation is not valid for high temperature difference and also dimensionless parameter that is used in the linearized Rosseland approximation is only the effective Prandtl number [11], Pntokratoras [12] investigated the effect of linear or non-linear Rosseland radiation on steady laminar natural convection along a vertical isothermal plate by using a new radiation parameter called film radiation parameter.Hayat et al. [13] analysed the effect of nonlinear thermal radiation and constant applied magnetic field on magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional flow of couple stress nanofluid and viscous nanofluid in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects.Shehzad et al. [14] have explored the characteristics of thermophoresis and Brownian motion in magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional flow of nano Jeffrey fluid in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation.
Another important aspect, which influences heat transfer processes is effects of injection or suction.It is wellknown that the effects of injection on the boundary layer flow are of interest in reducing the drag force.Many of the authors have studied heat transfer by considering an uniform and non-uniform heat source/sink effects, which are crucial in controlling the heat transfer.Jalilpour et al. [15] presented a theoretical study to analyze the effect of heat generation/absorption on magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow and heat transfer over a porous stretching surface, with prescribed surface heat flux.Cao et al. [16] have investigated the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell fluid past a stretching plate with suction/injection in the presence of nanoparticles.By considering investigates steady laminar boundary layer flow of power law fluids past a flat surface with suction or injection and magnetic effects Lin et al. [17] investigates steady laminar boundary layer flow of power law fluids past a flat surface with suction or injection and magnetic effects.
The main aim of the present paper is to solve the problem of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) studies on boundary layer flow over nonlinear stretching sheet with injection/suction and nonlinear thermal radiation of a viscous fluid by adopting the well known Keller-Box method.I have verified the obtained numerical results with earlier work and a very good agreement has been established.

Formulation of the Problem
Consider a two dimensional steady laminar boundary layer flow over a permeable nonlinear stretching sheet in the presence of applied magnetic in an incompressible viscous fluid.Presume sheet direction is horizontal with the x-axis and y-axis is the direction normal to the stretching sheet.Present flow is restricted to 0 y > and is due to the simultaneous effect of two equal and opposite forces along the direction of the x-axis and maintained the origin is fixed.The sheet coincides with the plane 0 y = and its velocity is assumed as ( ) n w u x ax = , where "a" and "n" are positive constant values.The flow configuration is given in Figure 1.The boundary layer equations, under the Boussinesq approximations and for steady state flow conditions are given by: ( ) We assume that the variable magnetic field ( ) B x and is of the form ( ) [18]- [20].The boundary conditions for velocity, temperature and concentration are considered are ( , as Unlike the linearized Rosseland approximation, we use nonlinear Rosseland diffusion approximation from which one can obtain results for both small and large differences between w T and T ∞ .Using Rosseland (Rosseland, 1931) approximation for radiation, the radiative heat flux is simplified as, In view to Equation ( 6), energy Equation (3) takes the form where , k being the thermal conductivity.
The following shifts are used to transform the governing partial differential equations into a scheme of ordinary differential equations. ; where , the temperature ratio parameter.
The similarity variable η and dimensionless stream function ψ satisfy the continuity equation.With the similarity variable η , the Equations ( 2), ( 4) and ( 8) reduces to the following ordinary differential equations, re- spectively ( ) Using the similarity transformation and the boundary conditions which are mentioned in equation ( 5), the transformed boundary conditions are; Here ( ) ( ) ( ) Here the wall heat flux w q and the mass flux m q are given as: ( ) Using of similarity variable, the Equations ( 13), ( 14) and ( 15) becomes: Here is the Reynolds number.

Numerical Procedure
The ordinary differential Equations ( 9), ( 10), (11) with the boundary conditions ( 12) are solved numerically by using of Keller-Box method with MATLAB, as revealed by (19), the following few steps are involved to achieve Numerical solutions:  Reduce the above mentioned higher order ordinary differential equations into a system of first order ordinary differential equations;  Write the finite differences for the first order equations. Linearize the algebraic equations by Newton's method, and write them in matrix-vector form; and  Solve the linear system by the block tri-diagonal elimination technique. To get the accuracy of this method the appropriate initial guesses have been chosen.The following initial guesses are chosen. ( ) ( ) ( )

Results and Discussion
To have a check on the accuracy of the numerical procedure used, first test computations for ( ) 0 θ ′ are carried out for viscous fluid for various values of r P and compared with the available published results of Goyal and Bhargava (2014), Gorla and Sidawi (1994) and Nadeem and Hussain (2013) in Table 1 and they are found to be in excellent agreement.The parameters for the present study are magnetic parameter M, Prandtl number ( r P ), Schmidt number (S c ), suction/injection parameter s radiation parameter (Rd) , and the nonlinear stretching sheet parameter (η).A parametric study is carried out to demonstrate the effects of governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles.Figure 2 and Figure 3 illustrate the effect of magnetic and nonlinear stretching parameters on the dimensionless velocity.It is evidently observed that the velocity profile of the viscous fluid is insignificantly reduced with increasing values of M and η.The velocity is reduced strongly as the results of increased magnetic field, and is due to the fact that the magnetic field commences a retarding body force which will acts transverse to the direction of the functional magnetic field, and is well known as Lorentz force, which will decelerate the boundary layer flow and the thickness of the momentum boundary layer.Hence, this will encourage an increase of the velocity gradient at its surface as clearly expressed in figures.
Impact of Prandtl number on the temperature profile is given in Figure 4, and it indicates that increasing the Prandtl number decrease the temperature profile.A similar conclusion can be drawn to the effect of Schmidt number ( ) on the species concentration in the presence of magnetic field as it is indicated in the Figure 5.Further it shows that, the temperature profiles increase with increase in Rd.This is because, in-      The numerical values of skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for various flow controlling parameters are tabulated in Table 2.It clear from the Table 2, that the Nusselt number and Sherwood numbers are decreases and Skin friction coefficient is increases for increasing values of M. We can also observe that in the case of suction the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are higher than that in the case of injection.

Conclusions
MHD boundary layer and heat transfer of a viscous fluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation with suction/injection have been studied in the current paper.A similarity solution is presented to analyse the effect of Prandtl number, magnetic parameter, nonlinearlity of stretching sheet and nonlinear thermal radiation, Schmidt number, and suction/injection parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles.The effects of skin friction coefficient and surface heat and mass transfer characteristics are discussed graphically and also numerically.The main observations of the present study are as follows:  The velocity profile of the viscous fluid is insignificantly reduced with increasing values of magnetic and nonlinearity parameters. Rising of Prandtl number resulted in decreases the temperature of the fluid. As Schmidt number increases the species concentration decreases. Increasing the suction/injection parameter reduces the velocity profiles. Increase of nonlinear stretching sheet parameter, magnetic field results in diminishing of skin friction coefficient.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Flow organization with coordinate system.
the engineering point of observation are the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt num-

Figure 6 and
Figure 6 and Figure 7 respectively shows the effect of thermal radiation parameter (Rd) and temperature ratio parameter ( ) w θ on temperature profiles.It is observed that, the temperature profile increases for increasing values of w θ .Further it shows that, the temperature profiles increase with increase in Rd.This is because, in-

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Effect of M on velocity profile.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Effect of stretching sheet parameter η on velocity profile.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Effect of r P on temperature profile.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.Effect of Sc on concentration profile.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effect of Rd on temperature profile.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Effect of w θ on temperature profile.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Effect of suction/injection parameter s on velocity profile.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Effect of suction/injection parameter s on temperature profile.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Effect of suction/injection parameters on concentration profile.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Effect of M and n on skin friction coefficient.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Variation of heat transfer rate with M and r P .

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Variation of heat transfer rate with n and Rd.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Variation of heat transfer rate with w θ and Rd.

CB
Velocity components along x, y axis.υ -Kinematic viscosity ρ -Density of the fluid σ -Electrical conductivity of the fluid T -Nanofluid temperature T ∞ -Ambient temperature as y tends to infinity w T -Temperature at stretching surface C -Concentration w C -Concentration at stretching surface C ∞ -Ambient concentration as y tends to infinity f -Induced magnetic field M -Magnetic parameter H -Dimensionless concentration

Table 1 .
Comparison table for viscous case