A New Quantum Number Triangular Array That Defines the Internal Organization of Valence Quarks , the Hadron Quark Model , and the CKM Matrix

Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, ( ) n 1 1 ± , of a fundamental frequency, F v . The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, bem , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as bem n . The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, bem n equal to 1; the strange and down quarks with bem n equal to 2; and the up quark with bem n equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with bem n numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and bem n quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right; the middle row depicts the d and s quarks; and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence D. W. Chakeres, R. Vento 146 quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, bem n , is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.


. The Quark Model
The quark model has been a great success of the Standard Model (SM) and particle physics [1]- [12].It is a classification scheme for composite hadrons in terms of multiple valence quarks.These are associated with quantum numbers such as isospin, J, parity, and charge of the hadrons.The quark model underlies the Eightfold Way.The composite hadrons are defined by equilateral triangular arrays where there is a valence quark at each corner of a single triangle.However, there is no scheme or "proto" valence quark triangular array for the origin of the internal organization of the valence quarks themselves, such as up or down or charge characteristics.The existing model only defines the organization of the composite quarks within the hadrons not between the quarks themselves.This includes their relative mass, charge, and whether they are up type or down type quarks.This paper focuses on the fundamental origin of the valence quark internal organization encompassing the properties of an up type or down type quark, the three generations, their relative mass scaling, and fractional charges that secondarily generate the existing composite quark model.

Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) Matrix
The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix is the quark mixing matrix [13]- [16].It is a unitary matrix which contains information on the patterns and relative strength of flavor-changing weak decays.Despite the extensive research, its quantum origin and scaling are unknown.This matrix is rectangular not a triangular pattern similar to the other composite quark model arrays.

Goal
The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, interrogates the fundamental constants and computationally assigns them with integers based on their relative scale and natural unit power law relationships [17]- [25].It has been shown that the quarks are associated with the natural unit Y-intercept, bem , of a fundamental electromagnetic line, EM, scaled by Planck's constant, h, and the Rydberg constant, R.This line is associated with the quantum number 3, and the character of electrical charge.These are both directly related to the quark characteristics.This value is the slope and Y-intercept, bem , of a power law.The quarks' power law lines' Y-intercepts and inverse slopes are associated with the product of three integer factors {1, 2, 3}, and the bem values: 1 bem × , 2 bem × , and 3 bem × [23], Figure 1 and Figure 2.These integer factors are referred to as n bem quantum numbers for each integer factor.Each term bem n bem × equals the Y-intercept, and its additive inverse equals the slope of a quark power law line.This is a new discovery within the HNH defining a power law relationship of the quarks.A new proposed inverted equilateral triangular array based upon the relative descending masses of the quarks, their up type and down type organization, their charges, and their n bem representation is proposed.The array is evaluated to see if  There is an imperative that the quarks, and all fundamental constants, must simultaneously follow prime number factor restrictions, and fall on a natural power law line.On close review the only possible partial fractions that fall on a bem n line also fulfill the prime factor imperatives.
it generates a logical, mathematical, quantum number rationale, for the proto organization of the valence quarks, which thus secondarily defines the existing composite quark hadron model, and the CKM matrix patterns.

Conversion of Physical Constants to Frequency Equivalents, Exponents, δ, and Partial Fractions
All of the data for the fundamental constants were obtained from the websites: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/and https://www.wikipedia.org.The NIST site http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/energy.html has an online physical unit converter that can be used for these types of calculations so the values used in the model are all standard unit conversions.Floating point accuracy is based upon known experimental data for the 0 n , e − , 0 a , and R, of approx- imately 8 5 10 − × .All of the known fundamental constants are converted to frequency equivalents k v .Equation (1) demonstrates the frequency equivalent conversion of the neutron as an example.Table 1 lists the standard unit, integer exponents, ie n , partial fraction exponents, ( ) ( ) 2.2718590 01 10 Hz This model has two parallel domains both describing identical physical values.One domain is the frequency equivalent of any physical value.This is the linear domain.The other domain is exponential in form, with base ( ) , which when exponentiated to its specific partial harmonic fraction equals the frequency equivalent of that specific value, Equation (2).The known exponent, exp k , of a fundamental constant is the ratio of the natural logarithm of its dimensionless equivalent, ( ) ( ) ( ) By simple algebraic manipulation the exp minus the quantum fraction qf or minus the partial harmonic fraction equals the δ , Equation (3).A quantum fraction qf is an integer fractional exponent, but not solely a partial fraction in some settings.The frequency equivalent of a constant, v, is calculated by raising the base ( ) to the exponent in Equation ( 4).The negative harmonic fractions of ife n are associated with physical constants of masses, rest energies, or frequencies less than that of the neutron, while those with positive harmonic fractions of n ife suggest masses, rest energies, or frequencies greater than that of the neutron.
( ) ( )   The standard physical units, frequency equivalents, exponents, δ , partial fractions, ife n , and bem n associated with the neutron, Planck's constant, the electron, the Bohr radius, the Rydberg constant, and the quarks are summarized in Table 1 [18] [19] [23].There is an imperative that the fundamental constants follow a natural unit power law property, and prime factor progression of the composites of the ife n .

The Prime Number Partial Fraction Imperative Defining the Global Hierarchy and Organization of the Fundamental Particles and Bosons
The HNH is completely defined by the pure number properties of a finite consecutive integer sequence, and their associated harmonic fractions [18].This is the essence of the definition of quantum systems.There is a prime imperative where the lowest primes define the general hierarchical organization of the composites.More specifically, the only partial harmonic fractions composed of the prime numbers 2 and 3 are the fractions 2/3 and 3/2, which, not coincidentally, comprise the only consecutive pair of primes.This defines a unique intersection of a system based on consecutive integers, partial fractions, and primes.These are the most fundamental tenants of the Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis.The prime factors and composites derived therefore are logically assumed to represent the most important relationships defining the global hierarchy and organization of the physical constants including the quarks in particular.This imperative states that physical entities must be paired in groups of 3. Our investigations show that any quantum model of the quarks must incorporate this restricted number pattern in all of its physical, quantum number, and matrix manifestations.
This assumption is supported since there are many examples of the factors 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 defining the properties of the quarks.There are 6 matter quarks and 6 anti-matter quarks, total 12.There are three quarks more massive than the neutron and three with less.There are 3 up type quarks, and 3 down type quarks.Two thirds of the quark partial fraction denominators are even and one third are primes.Baryons are composed of 3 quarks.Mesons are composed of 2 quarks.The neutron is composed one third in the number of up quarks and two thirds in the number of down quarks.The proton is composed two thirds in the number of up quarks and one third in the number of down quarks.There are no singlet quarks.The fractional charges of the quarks are ±1/3, and ±2/3 and baryon groups of quark valences add to integer values of ±2, ±1, or 0. The new quantum number, bem n , follows this pattern {1, 2, 3}.One half of the six quarks are associated with bem n 1; one third of the six quarks with bem n 2, and one sixth of the six quarks with bem n 3.

New Quark Quantum Numbers {1, 2, 3} bem n
The quark partial fractions are limited by the prime number composite possibilities of the smallest prime numbers in a very specific pattern [18].Many of the quark δ values are unusually small and far from the other typical ranges of other fundamental constants.Figure 1 and Figure 2 demonstrate the integer factors {1, 2, 3}, of the electromagnetic, (EM), line, bem Y-intercepts of the quarks.This was previously published in Figure 2 of reference [23].All three lines arise from the (1, 0) point.This is associated with a frequency of ( ) value must represent a black hole since its Compton wavelength is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius.This multiple integer slope pattern is inherent in the 2D geometry of any exponential harmonic system, Figure 1 of reference [21].Here, bem is related to the Y-intercept of the electromagnetic δ-line, and consequently related to both R and h.The slope of the 1 bem n = , quark line slope is the additive inverse of the EM line, bem − .The c, b, t quarks are associated with an bem n of 1, the s and d quarks with an bem n of 2, and the u quark with an bem n of 3.These represent respectively fractions of 3/6, for 1 bem n = ; 2/6 for 2 bem n = ; and 1/6 for 3 bem n = .

New quark Model Array Combining Decreasing Relative Quark Masses and bem n
We propose a new proto quark model triangular array of the six valence quarks based on their bem n integers, and depicted in a standard isosceles triangular quark array identical to that of essentially all other quark model arrays [10].The fractional charges of the quarks are logically associated with ±1/3 and ±2/3.The quarks are logically listed consecutively in descending relative mass: t, b, c, s, d, and u.This is logical since the quarks should transform from a greater mass to a lower mass.An inverted triangular array with the levels from top to bottom associated with bem n 1, 2, 3 is defined, Figure 3 and Figure 5 and Figure 6.The top row, bem n 1, from left to right includes the c, b, and t quarks.The second row, bem n 2, from left to right includes the d and s quarks.The lowest row, bem n 3, is the up quark.The down quark logically must be more massive than the up quark.The charge of the down quark should be minus 1/3 and that of the up quark plus 2/3 since the neutron should be neutral and have a mass larger than the proton.Otherwise the neutron would be charged and smaller than the proton.Also the weak transition of one up or down type quark to the other type must be associated with a global charge transformation of ±1.The transformations must be charge and type appropriate, independent of direction of the transformation, in all three possible directions.
This proto array is analyzed to identify if it generates a valence quark pattern that defines the global composite quark model and the CKM matrix.

Triangular Array
There are a myriad 1 of 3; 2 of 3; and 3 of 3 quark groupings inherent in our geometric proto quark model.The cascade of decreasing quark masses is such that 2/3 of which are up to down and 1/3 down to up from t through u quarks in decreasing mass order.Weak decay transformations should be associated with a change of one unit of charge and the transformation of one type of quark, up or down type, to the other.A change from any quark to its neighbor moving around the periphery of the proto triangle is always associated with a transformation of an up type quark to a down type quark or vice versa, and a total charge change of 1.Any transformation from a corner to the opposing mid-point or vice versa is associated with similar results.It is not possible to move from a down quark to another down quark or any up quark to another up quark.Any other configuration would not fulfill this imperative in all possible directions.

The Origin and Rationale of the Standard Quark Model from the
New Quark bem n

Array
Stacks of quark or anti-quark triangular arrays can be utilized to create the possibilities of 2 and 3 quark groups identical to the standard quark model, Figure 3.These will not be discussed in detail since it diverts to another independent topic.

There Is No Quantum Number Rationale for the Internal Organization of the Valence Quarks
There is no known quantum number rationale defining the internal organization within the valence quarks themselves as a primary independent system.The existing quark model refers only to the valence quarks that define the composite organization of the hadrons.The valence quark organization of a total of 12 quarks, 6 matter, and 6 anti-matter, up and down types, masses, and their respective charges are empiric.It is not based on specific quantum numbers related to the inter-relationship of the valence quarks.The standard quark models are based on progressive quantum number series just as the new triangular array.The fractional charges of the quarks are a prime number imperative of the partial fraction 2/3.Therefore the discoveries of the bem n quantum numbers and the new triangular array are significant in the advancement of the understanding of the quark model from its foundation up.The geometric pattern of the new quark array inherently generates repeating interlocking possibilities of 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 in two groups each totaling 6, and independent of the direction of transi-     Based on our new array, the standard organization of the hadrons can be created by stacking multiple arrays similar to the standard quark model.The possible hadrons can be examined by sorting through all of the possible combinations across different arrays rather than within one.

There Is No Quantum Number Rationale for the CKM Matrix
There is no known quantum number rationale for the CKM matrix.The matrix is based on empirical observations.The new triangular array accurately and simply generates the CKM matrix based on a triangular geometry, descending partial fractions/mass, logical charge values, the bem n , as well as, a pattern independent of the direc- tion of transformation, Figure 3 and Figure 5 and Figure 6.The array is symmetrically structured so all of the transformations are possible and valid.The HNH has demonstrated many connections between the fundamental constants not visible within the Standard Model or String Theory.A few examples include the common principal quantum number of 11 for the Higgs boson, the fine structure constant, and the down quark [21].The top and up quarks both are associated with the harmonic fraction of 1/10 [18] [19] [23].The partial fractions of the Hubble constant and the neutrino's kinetic energy are inverses [22].The Planck time squared and the Hubble constant both fall on the identical δ-line [22].

D. W. Chakeres, R. Vento 154
It is hoped that it will be possible to derive the actual mixing angles of the CKM matrix in the future.This is an active area of our research.

Pure Number Properties Manifest as Physical Properties
Pure number properties manifest as physical properties in many quantum phenomena.These pure number properties are well established within a limited number of physical systems.In the HNH, every aspect of the model is integer/quantum based.The following are a few examples.Black body radiation, ( ) n hv , is associated with only integrally spaced frequencies.All elements exhibit second quantization based on an integral number of nucleons.Both of these can appear continuous experimentally, but conceptually and mathematically they must be integer-based.Even-numbered groupings of protons and neutrons within nucleons are not associated with nuclear magnetic resonance properties while those exhibiting odd-numbered groupings do.The property of strangeness is integer-related as well.Matter and anti-matter are related to a change in sign.

Conclusion
This paper demonstrates a unique triangular valence quark array utilizing a new quantum number series.This quantum number series is a discovery generated by the HNH.This allows for a new logical mathematical perspective of the quark model not known within the Standard Model with new logical insights into the origin of the empiric properties of the quarks.It is hoped that the masses of the quarks and the scaling of the CKM matrix probabilities will be derivable from these new insights.

bem n equal to 1 ; the strange and down quarks with bem n equal to 2 ; and the up quark with bem n equal to 3 .numbers 1 , 2 , and 3 .
fundamental frequency, F v .The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites.They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, bem , of a fundamental electromag- netic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck's constant.The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as bem n .The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix.Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with bem n The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model.The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and bem n quantum number.The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right; the middle row depicts the d and s quarks; and the bottom row, the up quark.Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.bem n and the power law quark lines.Figure 1 is the power law line plot of the quarks.The X-axis equals 1/n and the Y-axis equals the δ values, the exponent minus the partial harmonic fraction,

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Natural power law and prime number factor imperative.Figure 2 is the power law line plot of the quarks.The X-axis equals 1/n and the Y-axis equals the δ values, the exponent minus the partial harmonic fraction, ( ) 1 1 n ± or qf .There are three different natural unit power law lines for the quarks each related to a different Y-intercept, bem n bem × , pur- and known exponents, k exp or de- rived exponents, d exp of the constants utilized in this paper.Conversions of the other constants have been pre- viously published.Masses are converted to their frequency equivalents, ν , by multiplying by c 2 then dividing by h.Distances are converted to frequency equivalents by dividing the wavelength into c.Energies in Joules are converted to Hz by dividing by h.The eV value for the neutron is ( ) 6 939.56537821 10 × .Its frequency in Hz is converted to eV by multiplying by the constant, was converted to frequency by multiplying by the constant, ( ) 14 2.41798930 13 10 Hz eV × .
by natural logarithm of the neutron's dimen-780055612(22).The subscript k denotes a known dimensionless equivalent of an experimental value.The subscript d represents the dimensionless equivalent of a derived value.Equation (2) is especially important since it relates exp via a change of base formula to an integer fractional exponent and thus to their respective quantum fractions and δs.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The new quark bem n model triangle.Figure 3 demonstrates the new proposed proto-quark model inverted triangle.The matter quarks are within the lower solid triangle, and the anti-matter quarks are in the upper dashed triangle.The organization of the quarks is based on decreasing relative mass, partial fractions, from top right to left, and down.The rows are defined by their Y-intercepts, the bem

Figure 3
Figure 3.The new quark bem n model triangle.Figure 3 demonstrates the new proposed proto-quark model inverted triangle.The matter quarks are within the lower solid triangle, and the anti-matter quarks are in the upper dashed triangle.The organization of the quarks is based on decreasing relative mass, partial fractions, from top right to left, and down.The rows are defined by their Y-intercepts, the bem n quantum numbers {1, 2, 3}.The top row is bem n 1, the middle row 2, and the bottom row 3. Their charges, and partial fractions are also shown.The up quarks are at the corners and the down quarks are at the midpoints.From this simple pattern the global existing composite quark model can be generated, Figure 5 and Figure 6.

ArrayFigure 4 Figure 3 and Figure 5 and Figure 6 .
Figure4is a diagram of the standard CMK matrix.Each up quark corner point is associated with a transformation to the possible 3 down quark midpoints, Figure3and Figure5and Figure6.Each down quark midpoint could transform into any of the possible up quark corners.Each transition is associated with a charge sum difference of 1.This simple pattern exactly defines the general structure of the CKM matrix pattern.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The standard Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix incidence matrix display.Figure 4 is a standard array of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix (CKM) matrix.It demonstrates the relative likelihood of transformation of one quark to another.The thicker the incident arc the greater the probability of a transition.This is a very specific pattern with the up quarks on the top row and the down quarks on the bottom.The up quarks transform only into down quarks and vice-versa through weak force transitions.

Figure 4
Figure 4.The standard Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix incidence matrix display.Figure 4 is a standard array of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix (CKM) matrix.It demonstrates the relative likelihood of transformation of one quark to another.The thicker the incident arc the greater the probability of a transition.This is a very specific pattern with the up quarks on the top row and the down quarks on the bottom.The up quarks transform only into down quarks and vice-versa through weak force transitions.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The new quantum bem n quark triangle and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix.Figure 5 is the CKM matrix, but displayed utilizing our new quark model inverted triangular array.The bold red quarks represent the quark locations as seen in the standard CKM matrix, Figure 4.The blue triangles are the proposed new geometric quark array, Figure 3.All of the up type quarks, u, c, t are at the corners of the main triangle, depicted as blue circles.All of the midpoints are the down type quarks, d, s, b, shown as red circles.A very simple transformation pattern accurately defines the possible weak force transitions.The corner up type quarks, are each associated with possible transformations to the three midpoint down quarks.Each midpoint down type quark is associated with possible transformations to the corner up type quarks.The green arrow's thickness demonstrates the relative probability of the different transitions.The left column of triangles denotes the first generation quarks, u, d.The middle column denotes the second generation quarks, s, c.The right column illustrates the third generation quarks, b, t.The top row triangles show up type of quarks.The bottom triangles show the down type of quarks.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Probabilities of weak quark decay and the new quark model inverted triangle array.Figure 6 is similar to Figure 3 and Figure 5.The thickness of the green arrows is a relative measure of the probabilities of weak transitions of the quarks.The actual probabilities are listed adjacent to the possible transition arrows.The dominant probabilities are related to the closest smaller quark for each generation.

Figure 6 is similar to Figure 3 and Figure 5 .
Figure 6.Probabilities of weak quark decay and the new quark model inverted triangle array.Figure 6 is similar to Figure 3 and Figure 5.The thickness of the green arrows is a relative measure of the probabilities of weak transitions of the quarks.The actual probabilities are listed adjacent to the possible transition arrows.The dominant probabilities are related to the closest smaller quark for each generation.tion.Only the HNH has demonstrated fundamental tenants of the model of using both the novelty of partial fractions and the prime number imperative that defines many quark properties.Based on our new array, the standard organization of the hadrons can be created by stacking multiple arrays similar to the standard quark model.The possible hadrons can be examined by sorting through all of the possible combinations across different arrays rather than within one.