Optics and Photonics Journal, 2011, 1, 142-149
doi:10.4236/opj.2011.13024 Published Online September 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/opj)
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. OPJ
PCRR Based Bandpass Filter for C and L+U Bands of
ITU-T G.694.2 CWDM Systems
S. Robinson, R. Nakkeeran
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Pondicherry
Engineering College, Puducherry, India
E-mail: mail2robinson@pec.edu, rnakeeran@pec.edu
Received May 20, 2011; revised June 20, 2011; accepted June 28, 2011
Abstract
A two Dimensional (2D) Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator (PCRR) based Bandpass Filter (BPF) is designed
to cover C and L+U bands of Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) systems. It is devised
with two quasi waveguides and a circular PCRR. The simulation results are obtained using 2D Finite Differ-
ence Time Domain (FDTD) method. The Photonic Band Gap (PBG) is calculated by Plane Wave Expansion
(PWE) method. The BPFs allow the entire C-band (BPF1) and L+U bands (BPF2), which are extended from
1530 to 1565 nm (C band) and 1565 to 1675 nm (L+U bands). The computed bandwidth of BPF1 and BPF2
is 32 nm and 97 nm respectively. The size of the device is minimized from a scale of few tens of millimeters
to the order of micrometers. The overall size of the BPF1 is around 12.8 µm × 11.4 µm and 11.4 µm × 11.4
µm for BPF2.
Keywords: Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator, Photonic Bandgap, CWDM, Bandpass Filter, FDTD Method,
PWE Method
1. Introduction
Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals (2DPCs) have ac-
quired worldwide fascinating interest in the past two
decades due to the existence of band gap and the capabil-
ity to control the electromagnetic waves [1,2]. The band
gap in PCs is more convenient for the design of required
optical devices. The devices based on PC structures usu-
ally have the benefit of significant size reduction (10 -
100 times) compared with their conventional devices.
The other functional features of devices such as operat-
ing speed, life time and output efficiency are not affected
due to miniaturization, which are inevitable for the de-
sign of integrated optics [3].
Typically, PCs are composed of periodic dielectric or
metallo-dielectric nanostructures that have alternate low
and high dielectric constant materials (Refractive Index)
in one, two and three dimensions, which affect the pro-
pagation of electromagnetic waves inside the structure.
As a result of this periodicity, PCs exhibit a unique pecu-
liar behavior, namely Photonic Band Gap (PBG) where
the electromagnetic modes propagation is absolutely zero
due to reflection. Hence, the density of states becomes
negligible [3]. The periodicity of the structure and thus
the completeness of the band gap are revealed by intro-
ducing a defects (point or line or both), which allows the
propagation of light in the PBG region. This can lead to
design PC based optical devices in the PBG region [4].
Recent years, many PC based optical devices are de-
signed both theoretically and experimentally. To name a
few, add-drop filters [5,6], power splitters/divider [7,8],
channel drop filters [9,10], multiplexers and demulti-
plexers [11-13], polarization beam splitters [14,15], tri-
plexers [16,17], switches [18], directional couplers [19],
bandstop filters [20,21], bandpass filters [22-27] etc.
Figure 1 shows the schematic layout of optical net
work for telecommunication which consists of MUX/
Figure 1. Schematic layout of optical network for telecom-
munication.
S. ROBINSON ET AL.143
DEMUX, Bandpass Filter (BPF), Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier (EDFA) and optical fiber. The entire band of
signal arrives from MUX and reaches into DEMUX
through fiber and EDFA. Finally, the DEMUX separates
the individual band of signal using appropriate BPF for
particular application.
The Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
system is now well-positioned to maximize its network
capacity in the access, metro and enterprise networks.
ITU-T G.694.2 defines the wavelengths for CWDM sys-
tems ranging from 1260 nm to 1675 nm. The standard-
ized and currently defined CWDM bands with their
wavelength range are listed in the Table 1.
Optical filters are the essential elements in the large
capacity optical telecommunication network that em-
ploys the technique of CWDM systems. Bandpass Filter
(BPF) transmits a pre-determined band of wavelengths
while rejecting all other wavelengths, by absorption,
radiation or scattering. In CWDM network, a large num-
ber of information signals are multiplexed on a single
optical fiber by changing the frequency and hence the
wavelength of the optical carrier for each optical channel.
The Multiplexer and/or Demultiplexer may be designed
using a series of BPFs which transmits only a specific
wavelength. In the literature, it has been done by intro-
ducing point defects and/or line defects, for L-Band, bi-
periodic structures [22-24] and using liquid crystal pho-
tonic band gap fibers [25]. Further, the circular Photonic
Crystal Ring Resonator (PCRR) with quasi waveguides
[26] and inline quasi waveguides [27] are theoretically
studied. Since the Ring Resonator based BPF provides
better selectivity, scalability and flexibility in mode de-
sign, here, PCRR is considered to design BPFs.
In this paper, a circular PCRR based BPF is designed
to cover the entire C, L and U bands of CWDM systems
for short haul and long haul applications. The output
efficiency and bandwidth of the filters are observed
through simulation. The Plane Wave Expansion (PWE)
method is the most popular method to calculate the band
gap of the structure that has been used for calculating the
PBG and propagation modes. A 2D Finite Difference
Table 1. CWDM bands and their w a velength ranges.
Band Description Wavelength Range (nm)
O Original 1260 - 1360
E Extended 1360 - 1460
S Short Wavelength 1460 - 1530
C Conventional 1530 - 1565
L Long Wavelength 1565 - 1625
U Ultra long Wavelength 1625 - 1675
Time Domain (FDTD) method has been employed to
obtain the wavelength response of the BPF.
The paper is arranged as follows: In Section 2, the
numerical analysis of PC is presented. The structure de-
sign of BPFs and simulated results are discussed in Sec-
tion 3 and Section 4 concludes the paper.
2. Numerical Analysis
There are many methods such as Transfer Matrix Me-
thod (TMM) [28], Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) me-
thod [29], Finite Element Method (FEM) [30], Finite
Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method [31] and etc.,
available to analyze the dispersion behavior and trans-
mission spectra of PCs. Each method has its own pros
and cons. Among these, PWE and FDTD methods are
dominating with respect to their performance and also
meeting the demand required to analyze the PC based
devices. The PWE method is initially used for theoretical
analysis of PC structures, which makes use of the fact
that eigen modes in periodic structures can be expressed
as a superposition of a set of plane waves. Although this
method can obtain an accurate solution for the dispersion
properties (propagation modes and band gap) of a PC
structure, however, it has still some limitations. i.e.
transmission spectra, field distribution and back reflec-
tions cannot be extracted as it considers only propagating
modes. An alternative approach which has been widely
adopted to calculate both transmission spectra and field
distribution is based on numerical solutions of Maxwell’s
equations by using FDTD method. In this analysis, the
PWE is used to calculate the band gap and propagation
modes of the PC structure whereas 2DFDTD is used to
calculate the spectrum of the power transmission.
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a pho-
tonic crystal is characterized using Maxwell’s Equations.
It is assumed that the material is linear, isotropic, peri-
odic with lattice vector and lossless; therefore, the Max-
well’s equations have the following form [31]
1HE
t

(1)
1E
H
t

(2)
where “E and “H are the electric and magnetic fields,
and “ε” and “µ” are the dielectric constant and perme-
ability.
2.1. PWE Method
The band diagram is the most common representation of
the band structure of PCs which gives the propagation
modes and PBG. The PBG is the main characteristics of
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. OPJ
S. ROBINSON ET AL.
144
photonic devices and can be observed using the band
diagrams obtained through the PWE method. It is em-
ployed both for electric and magnetic fields and the pe-
riodic dielectric structure is expanded in Fourier series.
This output can be represented as the region within the
boundary of irreducible Brillouin zone. In this, X-axis is
divided into regions representing the line segments
connecting the Γ-Χ-Μ-Γ points in wave vector space and
Z-axis is the normalized frequency (ωa/2Пc = a/λ) of
electromagnetic waves that propagate in the photonic
crystal.
The band diagram calculations of electric field are
carried out by solving Maxwell’s equation (master equa-
tion) [32-34] which is
  
2
2
1Er Er
rc

 



(3)
where “c” is the speed of light, “ω” is the angular fre-
quency, ε(r) is the dielectric constant (relative permittiv-
ity) and E(r) is the electric field of the periodic function.
The above equation describes the propagation of light
in PCs and it is a consequence of the Bloch-Floquet
theorem which signifies that the electromagnetic waves
in the periodic media can propagate without scattering
and their behavior governed by a periodic function mod-
ulated by a plane wave (the product of plane wave and
periodic function with lattice period).
Because of the periodic 2DPC, the dielectric constant,
ε can be described as
 
rr

R
k
(4)
where R is the vector of the 2D lattice.
Bolch-Floquet theorem provides the solutions for pe-
riodic eigen problem that can take the form
 
e
ikr
k
H
rur (5)
where uk(r) is the periodic function of lattice that is



 
2
2
1
kk
k
ikiku ru r
rc
   (6)
For a given choice of Bloch vector k, the eigen value
Equation (5) is discretized into a plane wave basis to
yield an algebraic eigen value problem. It is solved for
the permissible frequencies ω of the modes, which, in
turn, are characterized by the eigenvectors. By scanning
k over the Brillouin zone, the band diagram is generated.
2.2. FDTD Method
The most common method to solve these Maxwell’s eq-
uation is based on Yee’s mesh [35]. It computes E and H
field components at points on a grid with grid points
spaced x, z apart. The time is broken up into discrete
steps of t. The electric field components are computed
at times t = nt and magnetic field at times t= (n + 1/2)t,
where “n” is the integer representing computing step.
The propagation of electromagnetic signals inside
these PBG structures and the penetration depth of the
field modes can be conveniently and efficiently studied
using the FDTD method. The FDTD method is a rigor-
ous solution to Maxwell’s equation and does not have
any approximations and restrictions. It is widely used as
a propagation solution technique in integrated optics and
is a direct solution of Maxwell’s curl equation. In the 2D
case, the fields can be decoupled into two transversely
polarized modes, the E and H polarizations. The Max-
well’s equations can be discretized in space and time by
so call Yee-cell techniques [35]. The following FDTD
time stepping formulae are spatial and time discretiza-
tions of Equations (1) and (2) on a discrete 2D mesh
within the XY co-ordinate system for the E-Polarization.
1/21/2
, 1/2, 1/2
1
,,
0
nn
zij zij
nn
xij xij
HH
ct
EE y







(7)
1/21/2
1/2, 1/2,
1
,,
0
nn
z
ij zij
nn
yij yij
HH
ct
EE x



(8)
1/21/2
,,
, 1/2, 1/21/2,1/2,
0
nn
zij zij
nn nn
xijxijyi jyi j
HE
EE EE
ct
yx

 







(9)
where the index “n” denotes the discrete time step, indi-
ces “I” and “j” denote the discretized grid point in the
X-Y plane. These equations are iteratively solved in a
leap frog manner, alternating between computing the E
and H fields at subsequent t/2 intervals.
In order to produce an accurate simulation, the spatial
grid must be small enough to resolve the smallest feature
of the field to be simulated. To obtain a stable simulation,
one must satisfies the following condition which relates
the spatial and temporal step size.
22
1
11
t
c
x
y

(10)
where “c” is the speed of the light
A broadband Gaussian pulse is launched into input
port. Then we placed a time monitor (detector) inside
each waveguide channel to measure the time varying
electric field. The time monitor is used to record the
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S. ROBINSON ET AL.145
power follow through the domain along the Z direction
as the function of time. The output power is calculated at
each port by integrating the power over the cells of the
output ports as shown in Equation (9). Then stored data
is Fourier transformed and integrated. Finally, the ratio is
taken between obtained integrated results to incident
spectra which results in transmission spectra versus wa-
velength. The output signal power is

 
 
00
Re* d
Re* d
A
A
EtH tA
Pt
EtH tA










(11)
where “E” and “H” are the electric and magnetic fields,
and “A” is the plane located within the domain of the
time monitor. The length of the time monitor has no ef-
fect for a power as the integral is taken over the plane
defined by the X' and Z' axis.
3. PCRR Based Bandpass Filter
The BPF is designed by two dimensional square lattice
PCs. The distance between the two adjacent rods is
termed as lattice constant denoted by “a”. The radius of
the rod is 0.1 µm and the Si rod with refractive index
3.4641 is embedded in air. The radius (0.1 µm) and re-
fractive index (3.4641) of the rods used in BPF1 and
BPF2 are same. The PC structure has a PBG for Trans-
verse Electric (TE) modes. However, no Transverse
Magnetic (TM) modes are observed as shown in Figure
2(a). Hence, we restrict our attention to TE PBG only,
whose electric field is parallel to the rod axis. The pa-
rameters which are used to design the filters (BPF1 and
BPF2) are listed in the Table 2.
The band diagram in Figure 2(a) gives the propaga-
tion modes and PBG of 1×1 PC structure. The frequency
(a/λ) of first reduced PBG extends from 0.295 a/λ to
0.435 a/λ whose corresponding wavelength ranges from
1241 nm to 1830 nm for TE polarization. When the
defects are introduced in the 21 × 21 PC structure, the
guided modes are propagated inside PBG region as
shown in Figure 2(b). The Perfect Matched Layer (PML)
is placed as absorbing boundary condition [36].
3.1. BPF for C Band (BPF1)
Figure 3(a) sketches the BPF1 based on circular PCRR,
which consists of two quasi waveguides in horizontal
(Γ-Χ) direction and a circular PCRR between them. The
input Gaussian signal is applied to the port marked “A”
with arrow in the left side of top quasi waveguide and the
output is detected by using power monitor at the output
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. Band diagram of (a) 1 × 1 PC structure and (b) 21
× 21 PC structure (after the introduction of line and point
defects).
port marked “B” with arrow right side of the bottom
quasi waveguide. The quasi waveguides are formed by
introducing the line defects whereas the circular PCRR is
shaped by point defects. The circular PCRR is con-
structed by varying the position of inner rods and outer
rods from their original position towards center of the
origin. The inner rods and outer rods are built by varying
the position of adjacent rods in the four sides, from their
center, by 25% in both “X” and “Z” directions. The posi-
tion of the rods is varied by varying the lattice constant.
The rods which are inside the circular PCRR are called
as inner rods. The coupling rod is placed between circu-
lar PCRR and quasi waveguides. The reflector is placed
above and below the right side and left side of circular
PCRR as shown in Figure 3(a), which is used to im-
prove the output efficiency of the BPF by reducing the
counter propagating modes. In order to enhance the out-
put efficiency, the number of periods (Si rods) in the
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. OPJ
S. ROBINSON ET AL.
146
Table 2. Parameters used in the Bandpass Filter .
Values
Parameters
BPF1 BPF2
Number of Rods in X and Z 23 and 21 21 and 21
Directions
Lattice Constant (nm) 555 545
Radius of the Rod (µm) 0.1 0.1
Refractive Index 3.4641 3.4641
Band Gap Range (nm) 1241 - 1830 1241 - 1830
Propagation Modes TE TE
Reflector period 10a 9a
Number of rings in the cavity 2 3
Size of the device (µm) 12.8 × 11.4 11.4 × 11.4
Bands C L+U
Applications short haul Long Haul
reflector is kept constant (10a). It ensures maximum sig-
nal transfer from input to output at resonance condition.
The input signal is launched into the input port. The
normalized transmission spectra at port “B” is obtained
by conducting Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the fields
that are calculated by FDTD method. Figure 3(b) shows
the normalized transmission spectra of BPF1. The output
efficiency, close to 100% is obtained for the wavelength
ranges from 1536 nm to 1558 nm. Also, a Full Width
Half Maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of 32 nm at the
output spectrum is observed through this simulation. The
observed range of wavelengths and bandwidth cover
almost the entire C-band without affecting S-band and
L-band of CWDM system. The obtained output effi-
ciency and bandwidth are much desirable for metropoli-
tan and cable TV networks.
Figures 4(a) and (b) depict the electric filed pattern of
pass region and stop region at 1550 nm and 1575 nm
respectively. At resonant wavelength λ = 1550 nm, the
input signal from quasi waveguide is fully coupled with
the ring and reaches into the output port, where as at off
resonance, 1575 nm, it doesn’t couple with the ring (The
signals are reflected to the counter direction).
3.2. BPF for L+U Bands (BPF2)
Figures 5(a) and (b) sketch the BPF based on circular
PCRR and the three dimensional (3D) view of PCRR
based BSF. It illustrates that the arrangement of Si rods
in the structure. The overall size of the device is 11.4 µm
× 11.4 µm.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Circular PCRR based BPF1 (a) schematic struc-
ture and (b) normalised transmission spectra.
Figure 6 shows the normalized transmission spectra of
BPF2. The bandwidth of the filter is 97 nm which spans
from 1568 nm to 1665 nm. Close to 100% of output effi-
ciency is noticed over the range between 1570 nm to
1662 nm. The accounted wavelength range and band-
width cover almost the entire L-band (1565 nm - 1625
nm) and U-band (1625 nm - 1675 nm) of CWDM sys-
tems for long haul applications.
The width of the band will change linearly when the
rod undergoes displacement (10 nm) from the lattice
constant (540 nm).Further, the realization of the device
with the arrangement shown in Figures 3 and 5 are little
bit difficult. However, the research is extensively going
on to make with ±2 nm accuracy in reality. Hence, it
would be easily possible in future.
Figures 7(a) and (b) depict the electric filed pattern of
pass region and stop region at 1600 nm and 1675 nm
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S. ROBINSON ET AL.
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. OPJ
147
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Electric field pattern of the cirular PCRR based BPF at: (a) 1550 nm and (b) 1575 nm.
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Schematic structure of the circular PCRR based BPF and (b) three diemensional view of BPF.
respectively. The bandwidth, wavelength ranges and out-
put efficiency of the proposed BPFs are listed in the Ta-
ble 3.
4. Conclusions
A Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator based Band Pass
Filter is designed for Coarse Wavelength Division Mul-
tiplexing Systems to cover the entire C, L and U bands.
Table 3. Output efficiency and bandwidth of the BP F s.
Filters Output Efficiency
(Wavelength Range)
Bandwidth
(Wavelength Range)
BPF1 100% (1536 - 1558 nm) 32 nm (1532 - 1563 nm)
BPF2 100% (1570 - 1662 nm) 97 nm (1568 - 1665 nm)
Figure 6. Normalised transmission spectra of circular
PCRR based BPF.
S. ROBINSON ET AL.
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. OPJ
148
(a) (b)
Figure 7. Electric field pattern of the cirular PCRR based BPF at: (a) 1600 nm and (b) 1675 nm.
The output efficiency and bandwidth of the BPFs are
investigated through simulation. The output efficiency is
approximately, 100% over the wavelengths ranging from
1536 nm to 1558 nm (BPF1) and 1570 nm to 1662 nm
(BPF2). Also, the observed Full Width Half Maximum
bandwidth of BPF1 and BPF2 is 32 nm and 97 nm re-
spectively. The devised circular PCRR based BPF would
be the foremost BPF for CWDM applications. The sug-
gested BPF1and BPF2 are compact and overall size of
the chip is about 12.8 µm × 11.4 µm and 11.4 µm × 11.4
µm respectively. They would be more suitable for inte-
grated optics and optical networks.
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