ABSTRACT

Background: One of the risk factors of congestive heart failure that still under investigations is hyperuricemia. It’s still debatable whether it’s an independent risk factor or it’s just a consequence of other disorders associated with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Objective: The aim of our study is to elucidate whether in patients with heart failure serum uric acid level correlates with left ventricular ejection fraction supporting the possibility that the detection of progressive hyperuricemia in these patients may be an indicator of deteriorating cardiac function. Methods: We conducted a prospective study that included 124 studied patients and 26 apparently healthy persons at Coronary care unit and Internal Medicine Department at Sohag University Hospitals. Studied populations were classified into; * Group “I”: newly diagnosed heart failure, * Group “II”: decompensated heart failure on regular treatment, * Group “III”: decompensated heart failure but stopped their treatment from three months, Group “IV”: control group, healthy and age-matched subjects. We studied the association between left ventricular ejection fraction, the severity of congestive heart failure and the serum uric acid levels and the well-known conventional risk factors. Results: The main finding was the significantly higher mean serum uric acid levels in patients with congestive heart failure versus apparently healthy persons with “P value = 0.02”. When we adjusted the serum uric acid with other significant risk factors in the univariate analysis which were age, gender and smoking, serum uric acid was an independent risk factor “P value = 0.04”. There was a significant correlation between serum uric acid level and the severity of congestive heart failure “P value < 0.001, correlation coefficient = 0.35”. High rates of serum uric acid levels were recorded in patients with reduced ejection fraction. A uric acid level of 8.45 mg/dl was found to be the most appropriate cut-off point with the sensitivity 62% and the specificity 78.5%. Conclusion: Higher serum uric acid levels are significantly correlated with the severity of congestive heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction. Serum uric acid is an independent risk factor for congestive heart failure.

Keywords:

Uric Acid Level, Congestive Heart Failure

1. Introduction

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine breakdown and is excreted by the kidneys. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase are two enzymes responsible for uric acid breakdown and production. Both enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine which is the main enzyme in purine metabolism and contribute to the generation of oxygen free radicals which increased oxidative stress [1]. In addition, oxidative stress along with nitric oxide disproportion could intensify inflammatory pathways resulting in further increase in cytokine production [2].

Moreover, isolated hyperuricemia (irrespective of renal function and administration of drugs) appears to be a marker of altered oxidative metabolism, associated with tissue hypoxia, which could further damage cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelium. In addition, this can induce disturbances of myocardial contractility, vasoconstriction and may negatively affect the cardiovascular system and potentially worsen the prognosis in patients with heart failure [3].

Uric acid can also stimulate granulocyte adherence to the endothelium, and peroxide and superoxide free radical production, therefore, uric acid traverses dysfunctional endothelial cells which accumulate as crystal within atherosclerotic plaques. These crystals may contribute to local inflammation and plaque progression, and crystal accumulation may be greater in patients with elevated serum uric acid concentration. These effects of uric acid can lead to ischemic cardiomyopathy and then post-ischemic heart failure [4].

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a leading etiology for both morbidity and mortality on a global level, resulting in an increase in both prevalence and health care costs. Recently, our understanding has changed from a mere hemodynamic condition to a much more complicated approach, including neuroendocrine and immune activation. Not only is the cardiovascular system damaged in the long run course of heart failure, but together with peripheral tissues and organs also result in the production of symptoms along with the progression of the disease [5].

There are a few studies about the relation between serum level of uric acid and the prognosis of patients with heart failure and coronary artery diseases. Serum uric acid may be an important indicator for predicting people with preexisting heart failure [6].

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design

Our study was a prospective study that included 124 patients and 26 apparently healthy persons who underwent echocardiography at Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department at Sohag University Hospitals, Sohag governorate, Egypt.

Inclusion criteria:

All studied populations were classified into four groups;

· Group “I” patients being newly diagnosed heart failure,

· Group “II” patients with decompensated heart failure on regular treatment,

· Group “III” patients with decompensated heart failure but stopped their treatment from three months,

· Group “IV” control group selected as healthy and age-matched persons from 30 to 70 years old.

Exclusion criteria:

The following groups of patients were excluded from the study on basis of clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and laboratory parameters:

· Liver and kidney diseases, hematological or oncological disorders.

· Patients taking diuretics, multivitamins, alcohol and on any drugs interfering with serum uric acid levels.

· Persons less than 30 years old and above 70 years old.

2.2. Methods

Clinical history:

· History of cardiovascular symptoms e.g. chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitation, syncope.

· Risk factors of coronary atherosclerosis particularly diabetes mellitus, hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, smoking, family history of coronary heart disease, gender, obesity, etc.

· Diabetes Mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl and/or HbAlC ≥ 6.5 or use of glucose lowering medications.

· Hypertension was defined as blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg or the use of Blood pressure lowering medications.

· Dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol more than 200 mg/dl, LDL more than 130 mg/dl or HDL less than 65 mg/dl.

· History of previous myocardial infarction.

· History of any previous coronary revascularization procedure (PCI & CABG) and its details.

· Current medication and drug history.

Full clinical examination with special stress on:

· Body weight and height were measured and recorded for all Patients and the body mass index (BMI) of patients was calculated by using the following formula

BMI = weight (kg)\height 2 (m)

· Pulse, blood pressure and respiratory rate.

· Examination of all peripheral pulses, particularly femoral arteries on both groin.

· Careful and complete cardiac and chest examination.

Investigations:

1) 12 leads electrocardiography (ECG):

Was analyzed for:

· Rate and Rhythm.

· ST segment changes as horizontal or down sloping ST depression 1 mm at the J-point in 2 contiguous leads or upward ST elevation represents myocardial injury.

· Pathological Q wave T-wave inversion at least 1 mm deep in 2 continuous leads that have dominant R waves (R/S ratio > 1).

· Pathological Q waves.

2) Echocardiography (ECHO):

Study groups were examined at rest in supine left lateral decubitus position. Analysis according to the American Society of Echocardiography for:

a)The presence of regional wall motion abnormality.

b) Left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), interventricular septum diameter and posterior wall diameter.

c) Ejection fraction calculated by M-Mode in parastemal long and short axes or by biplane method according to modified Simpson’s.

· Echocardiography is the most useful, widely available test in the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as an LVEF ≥ 50%, consider patients with an LVEF above 40% and less than 50% as heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and consider patients with an LVEF ≤ 40% as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) [2].

3) Laboratory investigations:

· Serum creatinine, liver function, Serum uric acid, lipid profile and cardiac enzymes.

· The normal serum uric acid level ranges from 2.4 - 7.4 mg/dL in males whereas in females it ranges from 1.4 - 5.8 mg/dL. Hyperuricemia considered when serum uric acid level more than 7.4 mg/dl in males and more than 5.8 mg/dl in females. Serum uric acid level less than 8 mg/dl considered mild elevated, serum uric acid level between 8 mg/dl and 12 mg/dl considered moderate elevated and serum uric acid level more 12 mg/dl considered marked elevated [7].

Ethical aspect

Informed consent was taken from all patients to include their data in the study. The research was approved by medical ethics committee of Sohag University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.

Statistical analysis

Data demonstrated as mean ± SD for normally distributed continuous variables, median (range) for non-normally-distributed continuous variable sand frequencies for categorical variables. Patients were classified into three groups who were newly diagnosed as heart failure or stop treatment of heart failure and control group. Three groups were compared as regard age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, smoking, family history, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and uric acid. Differences between the groups were assessed using Student T-test for continuous parametric variables, Mann-Whitney U-test non-parametric continuous variables and Chi square test for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the effects risk factors on CAD. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 16 (Chicago, IL, USA) P value < 0.05 indicate significance.

3. Results

The study included 150 persons, 124 patients with congestive heart failure (either newly diagnosed, uncontrolled on treatment or stop treatment since more than three months) and 26 control persons. The mean age of the studied population was 48.5 years. Most of the included persons were males, representing 73.38% in studied patients and 61.54% in apparently healthy persons.

Most of the patients group had hyperuricemia (79.83%) while 80.76% of the control group was non hyperuricemic.

The mean uric acid level recorded a mean of 8.87 mg/dl ranging from 4 mg/dl to 14 mg/dl in studied patients and 5 mg/dl ranging from 3.5 mg/dl to 9 mg/dl in apparently healthy persons. The mean of uric acid level of group who stop treatment, group regular on treatment, and group who newly diagnosed was 8.87, 8.35 and 7.1 respectively.

According to NYHA classification, 30.77%, 40% and 27.27% of group who stop treatment, group regular on treatment, and group who newly diagnosed respectively were grade IV. The majority of the patients with serum uric acid level > 12 mg/dl (88.37%) were heart failure grade IV and 11.63% were heart failure grade III. About 50.88% of Patients with serum uric acid level between 8 to 12 mg/dl were heart failure grade III and 43.86% were heart failure grade II and patients with serum uric acid level between 6 to 8 mg/dl, 38.10% of them were heart failure grade II, 19.05% were heart failure grade I, and 14.29% were heart failure grade III. Hyperuricemic studied populations with serum uric acid level < 6 mg/dl, the majority of them (58.62%) had no dyspnea whereas 3.45% had heart failure grade IV. The level of serum uric acid was increasing with more severity of congestive heart failure especially in patients with reduced ejection fraction. The more advanced NYHA class the more increase in the number of hyperuricemic patients.

By looking for EF for the patients and control groups, we found that the mean EF of group who stop treatment was 42%, and that of group who regular on treatment was 43%, the mean EF of group who newly diagnosed was 44% and the mean EF of apparently healthy persons was 65% (Tables 1-4).

4. Discussion

One of the risk factors of CHF that still under investigations is hyperuricemia. It’s still debatable whether it’s an independent risk factor or it’s just a consequence of other disorders associated with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia [8].

The possible effect of hyperuricemia on cardiovascular health may be related

P1 compared Newly diagnosed & on treatment, P2 compared Newly diagnosed & Stop treatment, P3 compared Newly diagnosed & apparently healthy persons, P4 compared on treatment & Stop treatment, P5 compared on treatment & apparently healthy persons, P6 compared Stop treatment & apparently healthy persons, EF = ejection fraction, NYHA = New York Heart Association.

EF = ejection fraction, NYHA = New York Heart Association.

to its association with endothelial dysfunction, anti-proliferative effects, high oxidative stress, generation of free radicals and thrombus formation, all promoting atherosclerosis and its consequences [9].

The controversy in the literature about the effect of hyperuricemia on cardiovascular health triggered us trying to study this association.

Our study included 124 studied patients and 26 apparently healthy persons. All studied populations were classified into four groups being newly diagnosed with CHF, on regular treatment for CHF or who stop treatment of CHF, and they selected to our study in addition to number of healthy age-matched subjects served as controls. We studied the association between left ventricular ejection fraction, the severity of congestive heart failure and the serum uric acid levels and the well-known conventional risk factor that include age, sex, BMI, positive family history of IHD, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.

The majority of the studied patients in this research were hyperuricemic with percentage of 79.83% while 80.76% of the control group was non hyperuricemic. The mean of uric acid level of group who stop treatment, group regular on treatment, and group who newly diagnosed was 8.87 mg/dl, 8.35 mg/dl and 7.1 mg/dl respectively while the mean of uric acid level of apparently healthy persons was 5 mg/dl. These results coincided with a study was conducted in the Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 2015 included 778 studied patients and 148 of healthy age-matched subjects served as controls. The authors found that the majority of studied patients were hyperuricemic with percentage of 63.5% (mean uric acid level 7.9 md/dl) and the opposite of this occurred to apparently healthy persons where 92% were non hyperuricemic (the mean of uric acid level was 4.4 mg/dl [10].

There was higher association between hyperuricemia and hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia with higher BMI versus normouricemic patients and these results were in agreement with the study of Seo Young Kim, 2006” [11].

The pathogenic role of uric acid in hypertension, and also insulin resistance that present in association with metabolic syndrome has a causative role in developing hyperuricemia; all these factors may explain our results.

Our results revealed that there was a strong association between high serum uric acid levels and the severity of congestive heart failure. This was in agreement with a study by Deveci et al. conducted on 1012 patients and they found significantly higher mean serum uric acid in patients with coronary artery diseases (6.3 ± 2.0 vs. 5.4 ± 1.4, P value < 0.001) [12].

An Egyptian study conducted at Mansoura University, 2017 about uric acid level and coronary artery disease found significant higher mean serum uric acid levels in patients with CAD versus free patients (7.43 ± 2.95 vs. 5.55 ± 1.48, P value = 0.02) with significant correlation between serum uric acid level and the severity of CAD (P value < 0.001, r = 0.35) [13].

With a sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 78.5%, serum uric acid level of 8.45 mg/dl was found to be the most appropriate cut-off point that was related to the severity of congestive heart failure and this was close to results of Deveci et al.; they found a uric acid level of 6.8 mg/dl to be the most accurate cut-off with 40% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity [12].

A study carried at University of Palermo, Italy, included 1118 patients classified to three groups patients with systolic and diastolic dysfunction (EF < 50% and E wave < A wave; n = 40), those with isolated diastolic dysfunction (EF > 50% and E wave < A wave; n = 24) and those that had a normal left ventricular function (EF > 50% and E wave > A wave, n = 54). The results showed higher values of serum uric acid in patients with diastolic dysfunction with or without systolic dysfunction compared to patients with normal ventricular function (6.54 ± 0.72 vs. 5.42 ± 0.78, p = 0.0116) and with increasing serum uric acid there was a proportional reduction of EF [14].

5. Conclusion

Our study concluded that more increase in serum uric acid levels is significantly associated with more severe congestive heart failure and more reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Serum uric acid may be considered as an independent risk factor for CHF “P value = 0.04” and serum uric acid level is significantly associated with the severity of congestive heart failure “P value < 0.001”. A uric acid level of 8.45 mg/dl was found to be the most appropriate cut-off point with the sensitivity 62% and the specificity 78.5%.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Ezzat, M.A.W., Boghdady, A.M., Ibrahim, K.F.A. and Dahab, L.A.B. (2019) Correlation between Serum Uric Acid Level and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases, 9, 857-866. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjcd.2019.911076

References