World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases
Vol. 2  No. 4 (2012) , Article ID: 23714 , 9 pages DOI:10.4236/wjcd.2012.24044

Efficacy and long-term evaluation of intramyocardial injection of autologous CD34-enriched PBMSC in old myocardial infarction*

José Luis Aceves1, Abel Archundia1, Araceli Páez2, Rafael Vilchis1, Elvira Varela 2, Emma Rodriguez2, Guillermo Diaz1, Lourdes Flores-Luna3, Martha Alvarado4, Manuel Lopez Hernandez4, Luis Felipe Montaño5, Felipe Masso2#

1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Medic Center 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico

2Department of Cellular Physiology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City, Mexico

3Center of Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico

4Department of Hematology, National Medic Center 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico

5Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico

Email: #Hf_masso@yahoo.com

Received 2 June 2012; revised 6 July 2012; accepted 13 July 2012

Keywords: Stem Cells; Myocardial Infarction; CD34+ Cells; Revascularization; Heart Failure; Ventricular Function

ABSTRACT

Aims: We have shown that autologous transplant of CD34+-enriched peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMSC) could restore depressed myocardial function, and sustain adequate myocardial function 12 months after surgery in patients with old (>one yearold) myocardial infarction. Our aim is to report the long-term morbidity and mortality efficacy of this procedure. Methods and results: Seventy patients with an old anteroseptal myocardial infarction were followed for 2 to 7 years, 35 had a revascularization procedure and received an intra-myocardial injection of autologous CD34+-enriched PBMSC (8 × 108 mononuclear cells/ml including 3 × 107 CD34+ cells/ml)(Group A). Group B patients only had the revascularization. Abnormal pre-surgical values of LVEF (33.2% ± 4.8%), LVDV (178 ± 13.7 ml), LVSV (120 ± 16 m), LVDD (58.9 ± 3.84 mm), E and A waves without contractility in infarction area in group A patients improved to approximate normal values (50% ± 3% for LVEF; 90 ± 9.3 ml for LVDV; 80 ± 9.9 ml for LVSV; 55.3 ± 3 mm for LVDD; 5.2 ± 0.5 cm/s for E wave and 4.18 ± 0.3 cm/s for A wave) 1 year after the procedure and have remained unaltered for all the follow-up period. All the patients remain alive. Only seven patients have been readmitted to the hospital for non-myocardial related events. Group B only 11 patients continued alive to 5 years after surgery and LEVF never increased more than 6%, all of them with many hospitalizations (n ≥ 10) by heart failure events. Conclusion: Intramyocardial injection of CD34+ highly enriched PBSC represent an encouraging alternative for patients with severely scarred and dysfunctional myocardium.

1. INTRODUCTION

Myocardial infarction is a main cause of mortality and morbidity in Western societies. The intracoronary injection of autologous bone marrow stem progenitor cells in acute or sub-acute lesions with viable tissue improves hemodynamic criteria and cardiac function [1,2]. Intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood mononuclear stem cells (PBMSC) mobilized by Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in acute myocardial infarction [3] generates peri-stent tissue growth and a modest increase in cardiac function [4,5]. The beneficial effects, cardiac repair and restraint fibrosis, may be the result of increased angiogenesis and the production of cytokines from endothelial progenitors [6]. The delivery of progenitor cells into ischaemic cardiac muscle improves angiogenesis and revascularization [7].

The potential benefits and final outcome of stem cell transplantation in patients with old (>1 year) myocardial infarction require further evaluation. One trial reports the results of the intracoronary application of unfractionated BMSC, mobilized with G-CSF, in patients with old myocardial infarction [8]. We have previously shown improved ventricular function in patients with old myocardial infarction subjected to the peri-infarction injecttion of unfractionated PBMSC [9]. The aim of this paper was to report the long-term feasibility and safety of our process as well as to determine if depressed myocardial function is restored and sustains an adequate myocardial function for extended periods of time.

2. METHODS

2.1. Patients

Seventy patients (Mean age of 54.3 ± 8.5-year-old) with ischemic cardiomyopathy and more than one-year-old anteroseptal myocardial infarction (43.4 ± 14.7 months) were eligible for inclusion into the study. They all had left ventricular failure as determined by the low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value, were considered as NYHA-III/IV functional class and were being treated with appropriate doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, AT1R blockers, beta blockers and statins before the surgical procedure. The presence and extent of the infarct was determined by ECG, angiography (C type proximal injury in the left anterior descending coronary artery and akinesia in the anterior wall and apical heart zones), transthoracic echocardiogram (akinesia in the apex and the anterior myocardial side) and radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (old transmural infarction in the anterior wall and apical zone without evidence of viable tissue according to 201-Thalium rest, stress and 24 hour redistribution images). All the patients were candidates for a revascularization of the anterior descendent artery, and were divided into two groups. Group A individuals gave their informed consent for the revascularization procedure and the injection of their autologous CD34-enriched cell fraction, whereas group B included the individuals who only accepted the revascularization procedure and placebo (Physiologic solution). We only considered individuals with lesion in the anterior descending artery, since the possible inclusion of individuals having occlusion of the other arteries could bias our study. Each patient was evaluated every six months for the first year after surgery and then yearly. The ethics review board of the Hospital approved the protocol in January 2002, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.2. Surgical Procedure and Follow Up

Our original stem cell protocol [9] was used in every patient. Briefly, patients are treated with G-CSF (Filgistrin, NeupogenTM; 300 mg/day) subcutaneously for five days. On the fifth day, a Mahurkar catheter is inserted into the subclavian artery and mononuclear cells are harvested with a close circuit in the apheresis machine. The percentage of CD34+ cells is then estimated by cytofluorometry before the CD34+ enriched with mononuclear cells are cryopreserved at a ratio 1:1 with patient plasma. The revascularization procedure was always performed from the left internal thoracic artery to the anterior descending coronary artery with beating heart, that is, without extracorporeal circulatory support. Group A patients were subjected to the surgical procedure 48 hr. After that mononuclear cells were harvested. Once the revascularization procedure was finished, group A patients received 20 ml of their autologous CD34+ enriched mononuclear cell preparation (8 × 108 mononuclear cells/ml including 3 × 107 CD34+ cells/ml) distributed in 10 × 2 ml radial injections (2 inches deep) from the center of the scar to the border zone between healthy and infarcted tissue, following the course of the anterior descending coronary artery, thus assuring that the anterior wall and septum receive the CD34-enriched cells. None of the patients developed arrhythmia during or after the surgical procedure. Group B Patients received revascularization procedure and 20 ml of physiological solution (Placebo) in the same manner in which the cells were implanted in group A.

After surgery the patients were monitored at 6 and 12 months, and then, yearly by tissue doppler and standard transthoracic echocardiography. The hemodynamic parameters included heart motility, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVSV), left-ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDD), mitral ring velocity, E and A wave in zone infarction. Tc 99 and 201-Thallium SPECT were made in each post-surgery evaluation.

Statistical analysis. The results were evaluated with non-parametric analysis using Prisma software; survival tables and graphs were done using STATA v.9 software. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. RESULTS

Mean age of group A patients (51.91 ± 8.9-year-old) was lower than those in group B (56.86 ± 8.1-year-old; p = 0.018) but the time interval between the acute infarct event and the first visit to us was significantly higher in group A vs group B patients (48.8 ± 14.2 months vs 38.1 ± 15.2 months, p = 0.004). Body mass index was lower in group A patients (27.14 ± 2.75 vs 29.31 ± 2.81 Kg/m2; p = 0.0018). The follow-up period has been greater in group A patients (61.97 ± 54.65 months vs 40.11 ± 13.89 months in group B, p = 0.015).

Post-surgical complications were not reported in any of the patients. As surgical experience increased, the number of days the patients spent in the intensive care unit has diminished from 7 - 10 days, in the first five patients, to 3 - 5 days. Surgical experience also allowed us to choose patients with lower LVEF basal value (40.2% ± 3.7% for our first eight patients vs 33.4 ± 4.8% for the subsequent; p = 0.036).

The basal value of LVEF in group A and B patients was not significantly different. There was a highly significant difference between the LVEF basal value (35.06 ± 5.44) and the six-months (50.17 ± 7.95, p < 0.0001), one year (51.03 ± 7.57, p < 0.001) and 2 - 7 years follow-up (52.06 ± 8.06; p < 0.0001) values in group A. Only three of group A patients had higher than 40% basal values (41%, 41% and 42%) whereas six had basal values below 30% (25.3 ± 2.8 %); interestingly. Two of the latter increased their LVEF percentage to values above the 40% limit after one year and have remained above that figure during the follow-up. The remaining four did not reach the 40% value but they increased their LVEF percentage by 17%, 32%, 36%, and 71%, compared to their basal value. In group B patients, the LVEF value remained almost unchanged six months after the revascularization (38 ± 4.03, p N.S.). The survival at five years was nil in group B patients, those who remained alive one year after the revascularization only showed a 3% increase in the LVEF value.

Table 1. Echocardiographic values before and after treatment

Table 1 shows the basal and follow-up values of LVDV, LVSV and LVDD in groups A and B. A signifycant improvement was observed in group A patients six months after surgery. Figures 1 and 2 show the preand post-operative SPECT imaging of a representative patient of group A.

Table 2. Myocardial tissue contraction before and after treatment.

Table 2 shows the basal and follow up values of the S, A and E waves in both groups. Contraction in the injured tissue (S wave) improved significantly in group A patients after six months, one year and follow-up. Similar results were obtained for initial diastolic contraction (E wave) and late telediastolic contraction (A wave) that also improved significantly from an initial value of 0 to 4.18 ± 0.33 cm/seg and 4.28 ± 0.61 cm/seg after six and 1 year. Similarly, mitral ring velocity improved from 4.7 ± 0.51 to 8.48 ± 1.04 cm/seg and 8.62 ± 1.10 cm/seg (p < 0.0001) after six months and 1 year. Group B patients showed a slight increase in all the above-mentioned parameters but were not statistically significant. All the patients received medic treatment by cardiologist responsible in order to control of ischemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and blood glucose.

Table 3. Post-surgery causes of new hospitalization events in group A patients.

Table 3 shows the post-surgery hospitalization episodes and their outcome in both groups. All group A patients are currently alive and none of them has been hospitalized again for heart failure. Group B mortality was 100% five years after revascularization; 16 of them die due to a second acute and extensive myocardial infarction within the first three years post-surgery; in the remaining 19 the cause of death was arrhythmia and/or complications of chronic cardiac failure. Figure 3 shows the survival rate in both groups.

4. DISCUSSION

We have previously reported the benefit of peri-infarction injection of, G-CSF mobilized, unfractionated peripheral blood stem cells in people with extensive vast scar tissue from an old heart infarction episode [9]. This work report our experience with patients followed for up to seven years.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized peripheral-blood mononuclear CD34+ stem cells (PBMSC) are used in acute myocardial infarcted patients [8,10]. The use of autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells in a canine model of chronic myocardial infarction has been associated with superior cardiac recovery [11]. We choose to applicate autologous CD34-enriched PBMSC intramyocardially in open heart surgery because stem cells are found in low quantities in old infarcted tissue, and because intracoronary perfusion doesn’t guarantee the arrival of adequate number of cells into the damaged zone, and can induce restenosis [12].

Figure 1. Representative SPECT of a patient before the intra-myocardial injection of autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells.

Figure 2. Image 12 months after intra-myocardial injection of autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells in the same patient depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. (a) Global survival in all population (both groups); (b) Better survival in patients implanted with CD34+PMBSC, compared with controls.

The delivery of PBMSC by intra-myocardial injection vs intracoronary infusion has proven highly beneficial in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease [13]. The amount of injected cells seems to be essential to obtain superior results [5]. Suarez de Lezo et al. [14] reported, in acute myocardial infarction, an increase of up to 20% in the LVEF with the use of 1.7 ± 1.3 × 107 PBMSC versus 2% - 8% when lower cell concentrations were used. The excellent results that we obtained with our 3 × 107 CD34+PBMSC preparations could be related to the presence of other immune-related cell populations in our PBMSC fractions since it is becoming clear that mesenchymal stem cells require immune cytokines to improve cardioprotection [15-17]. Actually, G-CSF, on top of enhancing stem cell liberation into the blood stream, improves left ventricular function [18]. The meta-analysis of 21 trials made by Brunskill et al. [13], showed that the major benefit of stem cell therapy occurred in patients with low LVEF baseline, however, the quantity of stem cell injected in these trials was variable and the majority of the trials were conducted in patients with acute myocardial infarcts. Ours is the first report of the long-term benefits of stem cell therapy in old myocardial infarcted patients where high PBMSC concentrations were applied.

The revascularization anastomosis was performed with beating heart because it avoids post-operatory acute cardiac failure and the use of positive inotropics and some of their secondary effects (renal failure and arrhythmias), an also because extracorporeal circulatory support induces cardiac post-operatory failure per se. Revascularization in patients with depressed ventricular function show a 6% improvement, in the best of the cases and depends on the amount of hibernate tissue. In our cases, and because the myocardial infarction is old, there was no hibernate tissue because they all had an organized scar. Revascularization was also performed in order to enhance blood flow to the old infarcted zone and conesquently, nourish the transplanted cells.

We did have 4 patients with an LVEF value > 40% but the concept of chronic ventricular failure is characterized not only by abnormal LVEF values but also by a mitral ring velocity below 10 cm/second [19] and these patients had a 4.7 ± 0.5 cm/second value.

Although extensive regeneration of myocardial infarcts after direct stem cell injection, and transdifferentiation of CD34+ adult human peripheral blood cells into cardiomyocytes, has been reported [20], bone marrow cells do not transdifferentiate [21,22]. Even so, they have functional benefits: Limitation of ventricular dilatation, paracrine induction of angiogenesis, or churning out growth factors that encourage cell proliferation and/or survival [23]. Natural stem-cell mobilization to the heart [24] is extremely slow after acute and chronic myocardial infarction therefore the in situ enrichment of CD34+ stem cells in myocardial necrotic areas is a much faster alternative. The direct injection of bone marrow cells into an organ is associated with a much greater seeding efficiency [25] and it has been demonstrated that direct intramyocardial gene therapy increase plasma CD34+ stem cells three weeks after treatment and improve regional wall motion after three months [26]. We don’t know the mechanism that enriched CD34 PBMSC use to favor ventricular function because so far, none of the transplanted patients has died. Mesenchymal stem cells promote fibroblast metalloproteinase secretion and reduce ventricular fibrosis [27]. Our results in relation to S, A and E waves showed that ventricular failure or abnormal filing of the left ventricle, already present before surgery, disappeared six months after stem cell surgery and continue for as long as we have followed our patients. Left ventricular dysfunction, a major determinant of prognosis, is associated with significant loss of cardiomyocytes that was previously thought to be irreversible [28]. Our LVEF and LVDV results confirm a serious improvement in left ventricle function.

As it has been shown [29] the age of the patient do not interfere with the efficacy of the treatment. The improvement in heart function was evident six months after surgery and reached its maximal value one year after surgery. The possibilities of a good response afterwards are slim or non-existent.

None of our group A patients had episodes of arrhythmia after stem cell implantation. This is because such a complication has been reported only when stem cells are implanted in or near the stellar plexus of the heart, not when they are implanted in the heart muscle.

Why is it important to implant stem cells in old myocardial infarction? Because official data from Mexico’s National Center for Transplants shows that 90% of the patients with old myocardial infarction and serious cardiac insufficiency, waiting for a heart transplant, die.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors recognize the significant participation of Ms. Miriam Marmolejo, Head Nurse of the Hematology Service, CMN “20 de Noviembre”, ISSSTE.

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NOTES

*This work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Mexico (grant numbers SALUD-2002-CO1-7630, SALUD-2008-CO1- 87707) and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (grant DGAPAPAPITT-202508-3).

#Corresponding author.

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