Developments of Multifunctional Additives for High Quality Lube Oil
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JPEE
acidic component formation. The author studied new an-
tioxidant for lube oil. This antioxidant dibenzyl-s-phenyl
thio glyconitrile and other derivatives were prepared phase
transfere catalysts. These compounds were added to oil
in different concentrations. The antioxidants activities of
different dosages were evaluated and suggested mechan-
ism according to micelle and their thermodynamic. The
oxidation stability of lubricating oil has a critical influ-
ence on the oil performance during service. In this paper
dibenzyl-s-phenyl thioglyconitrile and other derivative
were prepared by phase transfer catalysts and investi-
gated as antioxidants. These compounds were added to
oil in different concentr ations. The antioxidants activities
of different dosages were evaluated and suggested me-
chanism according to micelle and their thermodynamics.
The oxidation of the oil has been carried for different
time intervals. The degradation of the oil has been moni-
tored by total acid formation. Oxidation stability of lube
oil was largely affected by sulphur and aromatic hydro-
carbons concentration in oil, with increased sulphur con-
tent increase oxidation stability. The prepared compounds
gave higher oxidation stability than imported compound
(IRCANOX L 135-CIBA) [5].
The structural effect of polymeric sodium nonyl phe-
nol formaldehyde sulphonate and its mixture withpoly-
nonyl phenol formaldehyde ethoxylate with 12 ethox-
ylate units was prepared and evaluated for metal working
fluid at different interface by Omar 2004 [6].
Suitable detergents are alcohols and ammonium salts,
these applications encouraged us to initiate the symme-
tric studies on the physic-chemical behavior of ammo-
nium soaps and different captions salts. The purpose of
the present work was to characterize ammonium, poly
alkylphenol formaldehyde sulphonate and its ethoxylate
on pour point and oxidation stability of the paraffinic gas
oil.
2. Experimental
Raw Materials
The physicochemical properties of lubricating were car-
ried out using ASTM and IP standard test methods (Ta-
ble 1).
Synthesis of the additive (ammonium poly dodecyl
phenol sulphonate).
The polymeric surfactant utilized in this study was
prepared by sulphonation of dodecyl phenol which pre-
pared elsewhere by alkylation of phenol with chlorodo-
decane in the presence of mixture of catalysts (benzyl
triethyl ammonium chloride as phase transfere catalysts
and zinc chloride) The prepared dodecyl phenol was sul-
phonated with fuming sulphoric acid and neutralized with
ammonium solution. The result compound is ammonium
dodecyl phenol sulphonate which are dected by IR and
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of base oil.
Properties Base oil Test
Denisty (g/ml) at 15.5 ˚C 0.809 D. 1298
Cloud point 22 IP 219/82
ASTM colour 4.5 D. 1500
at 40 ˚C
at 100 ˚C
40.56
25
D. 445
D. 455
Pour point ˚C 12 ASTM D 97
Flash point ˚C 70 ASTM D 93
Molecular weight 450 GPC
Total paraffinic content, wr% 38.9 Urea adduction (7)
Carbon residue contenty, wt% 1.5 ASTM D524
Ash content, wt% 0.0297 ASTM D482
Resin wt% 10.8 ASTM 3238/85
Aromatic wt% 49.5 ASTM 3238/85
elementary analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur
and nitrogen). Then then product was condensed with pa-
raformaldhyde to obtain polymeric dodecyl phenol for-
maldehyde sulphonate (PAS). The purity of the polymer
was about 92.5% [6-8] and average molecular weight
4000.
The polymeric dodecyl phenol formaldehyde was ethox-
ylated which has on an average 12 moles of ethylene
oxide per mol of polymeric dodecyl phenol formalde-
hyde polymer (non ionic polymer PAN).
Surface and interfacial tension measurement.
Surface tension of different concentrations for 10−7 to
0.1 mol/L of the synthesized additives was measured by
using Kruss Model 8451 in petroleum ether at 30˚C ac-
cording to omar et al. [9].
3. Results and Discussions
Detailed physic-chemical characteristics of the paraffinic
oil are reported in Table 1 . The data reveal that the oil is
rich in n-paraffin and has low carbon residue content and
total acid number. The above lube oil analyzed by gas
chromatography as shown in Figure 1. From this figure
the band represents different carbon number of paraffin
compounds and the carbon distribution in the wax oil.
Moreover, data in Table 1, show the carbon distribution
and the average number of carbon distribution in the
sample and the average number of benzene ring per mo-
lecule is 0.7, which mean that each molecule contains
one aromatic ring according to Hasting et al. 1958 [10].
The infra red spectra of the anionic polymer (PAS) are
given in Figu re 2. The characteristic absorption frequen-
cies of this polymer is given in Table 2.
The sulphonate group display avery broad and intense
peak. We observe sulphon ate group in the region of 3550
- 3030 cm−1 and a lower frequency of sulphonate just
below 1575 - 1544 cm−1.