ABSTRACT

This paper demonstrates wide-band CMOS VCO based on the transformer feedback from traditional circuit to our proposed work. The start up condition of the traditional cross-coupled pair is expressed by the high frequency model. The wide band technique of this structure is derived with the help of the high frequency model of the transistor. Therefore, the wide band CMOS VCO based on the common source transformer feedback topology can achieves the high performance in the low voltage and low phase noise. The measurement result of the VCO exhibits the figure of merit, core power consumption and output power at supply voltage 0.8 V are –193.1 dBc/Hz, 4.4 mW and –2.3 dBm, respectively. The phase noise is –124.3 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset under the operation frequency 5.8 GHz. And the tuning range of the circuit can obtain 28%, this VCO is fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process.

1. Introduction

As RFIC integration requirements become ever more compact, each RF block will be integrated into a single chip. Therefore, the noise must be reduced or the mutual influences between the circuit blocks become stronger, reducing each element’s performance. If the elements do not function well, then the circuit will also not function properly. Among the building blocks of a RF transceiver, the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is an important block. If the frequency setting and noise control are precisely work, then the system performances of the transceiver will work well marvelously. A fully integrated voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is one of the most challenging parts of a radio transceiver in standard CMOS technologies. VCO has many demanding parameters, and such as large frequency tuning range, low power consumption, low cost and low phase noise. A wide tuning range is often important because it can accommodate more process and temperature variations.

Traditionally, transformer-based LC tank were reported recently [1-3]. In the meantime, the current driven transformer load [4,5] or switched coupled-inductors [6] have been used to implement wide tuning ranges, but the performance of phase noise is still to be improved with advanced investigation. And high performance of low voltage and low power operation circuit is recently demand for saving energy which reported in some researchers [7-9]. In this paper, the on chip transformers in positive feedbacks are used to increase the output voltage swings and also increase the quality factor of the resonator tank, therefore, reducing phase noise. A symmetric inductor introduced by a transformer on the feedback loop from the active components is employed to generate the oscillation frequency. And the terminal gate and drain of the MOS is paralleled with transformer and varactor to build up the bandwidth extension by small signal analysis. Therefore the tuning range of frequencies can be expanded when the ratio C_max/C_min is increased. A transformer-based LC VCO can provide a smaller area than the traditional LC resonator VCO. The size and the width of this transformer were optimized to improve parasitic capacitance and increase the self-resonant frequency. Furthermore, the proposed transformer, which is based on the layout optimization to minimize the series resistance of the inductor coil, taking into account both ohmic losses, and magnetically induce losses. The method optimizes the width of the metal strip-width layout.

In this paper, we propose a VCO topology using a transformer feedback technique with a gate to drain coupling transformer. A 5-GHz CMOS VCO based on this topology in 0.18-μm CMOS technology was implemented. The design and analysis of the proposed VCO topology are presented in Section 2. The oscillation frequency and start-up erudition is expressed by low frequency model, the other wide band technique derived by high frequency model is also discussed in this section. Measurement results are shown in Section 3. Finally, the conclusion is summarized in Section 4.

2. Circuit Design

The high performance of low voltage and low power VCO using transformer feedback is shown in Figure 1(a) [7]. The wide band VCO with switch capacitor module based on transformer feedback is shown in Figure 1(b) [10]. For the compact and simple circuit of our proposed wide band VCO with a symmetry transformer-feedback topology is also shown in Figure 1(c) [11].

The M₁ and M₂ transistors are active circuit components and provide the negative resistances of the VCO core to cancel the resistive loss in the LC tank circuit. Transistors M₃ and M₄ are an output buffer circuit. We adopted all PMOS transistors in our proposed VCO, because PMOS transistors have lower flicker noise than that do NMOS transistors. The LC tank includes varactors C_var and transformers L₁~L₄. The symmetric transformer is placed between the gate and drain of the M₁ and M₂ transistors. This topology forms an oscillating feedback loop that reduces current achieving low power operation and expand the tuning range.

2.1. Startup Condition of Cross Coupled Pair

The simplified parallel LC oscillator model is shown in Figure 2(a), where represents the tank and output buffers loss. The active circuit must generate a negative resistance in order to compensate the loss from the tank.

The simple schematic of cross-couple pair with Figures 1(a) and (b) is shown in Figure 2(b). M₁ and M₂ indicate NMOS transistors and the simple small signal model of MOSFET is shown in Figure 3(a). The high frequency equivalent circuit with capacitive parasitic is shown in Figure 3(b).

We can obtain the input impedance as following:

(1)

where, R_a is the real part and C_a is the imaginary part, respectively. The detailed calculation can be referred the paper [12].

To satisfy the stable oscillation condition, the circuit exhibiting the absolute value of negative resistance should be larger than.

2.2. Oscillation Frequency

The determination of frequency is controlled by the LC tank. Therefore, we needed to derive oscillation frequencies; the equivalent half-circuit of the proposed VCO is shown in Figure 4, where R₁ and R₂ represent the series resistance of the inductor L₁ and inductor L₂, respectively. K is the coupling coefficient between the inductor L₁ and the L₂, and C is the effective tank capacitance.

In order to understand how the proposed circuit can achieve the wide tuning range, the equivalent circuit with high frequency model is shown in Figure 5. The equivalent circuit of the linear transformer can be expressed as the equation:

(2)

where the matrix is denoted by phasor analysis, M is the mutual inductance. In the circuit, R₁, R₂ and Rg (gate resistance) are small enough to be ignored for simplified manipulation. From the kirchhoff’s current law with vg = vgs in the circuit, we can obtain the equation of I₁ and I₂ as the following:

(3)

(4)

The voltage of terminal gate and drain can be expressed as the following:

(5)

(6)

If the (e.g., see Equations (3) and (4)) is taken into the (e.g., see Equation (5)), then we can obtain voltage gain Av1 of the following equation:

(7)

If the (e.g., see Equations (3) and (4)) is taken into the (e.g., see Equation (6)), then we can obtain the other voltage gain Av2 of the following equation:

(8)

The oscillation condition of the oscillator is given by [13]

(9)

Where ω_ο is the oscillation frequency of the VCO. The (e.g., see Equation (9)) can be applied for both (e.g., see Equations (7) and (8)). From the simple manipulation and set the real part to be zero. The oscillation frequency is given by

(10)

If the mutual inductance between L₁ and L₂ is gradually decreased to be ignored, then the oscillation frequency is given by

(11)

Therefore, the wide tuning range can be achieved by the total effective capacitance (C + C_gs + 2C_gd).

For the low frequency small signal model is used for consideration in (e.g., see Equation (11)). Meanwhile, the terminal gate and drain of MOS is paralleled with the transformer and varactor. The terminal source is also grounded for small signal analysis. This topology not only builds up oscillation but also expand the tuning range. The structure of the proposed circuit just looks like common source transformer feedback topology.

The traditional cross-coupled topology has more parasitic capacitances. Figure 6 shows the comparison of the general LC VCO schematic and proposed LC VCO schematic.

Figure 7 shows the equivalent capacitances versus V_tune which is tuned from –2 V to 2 V. For the simulation results of the general LC VCO, the capacitances can be tuned from 290.9 fF to 543.7 fF over the entire tuning voltage, which corresponds to a tuning range of C_max/C_min ratio = 1.87. For the simulation results of the proposed LC VCO, the capacitance can be tuned from 194.1 fF to 446.9 fF over the entire tuning voltage, which corresponds to a tuning range of C_max/C_min ratio = 2.3. Therefore, the proposed VCO has a larger frequency tuning range than the general LC VCO.

2.3. Transformer

Transformer feedback currents are used to increase the voltage swing in the resonator and also increase the quality factor of the resonator tank. Figure 8 shows the comparison of the amplitudes between with and without transformer feedback, when it is placed at the gate node of the PMOS (M_l). It is clear that the circuit transformer feedback has larger voltage swings than without the transformer feedback.

The transformer is designed from the inner to outer turn for different width, 11-μm, 13-μm, 15-μm, respectively. The line spacing is 2-μm, and 276-μm is the outer dimension. The layout of the transformer is shown in Figure 9. The top layer with AlCu metal is used for the windings to increase the quality factor. The metal width of the inductor increases gradually from the inner to outer turn, which can improve the quality factors of the inductor. The turns-ratio and size of the transformer, which is designed for optimization by EM simulation tool, has been investigated. The transformer turns-ratios were determined by varying the number of turns for each topology. Approximately, a 3:2 turns-ratio was chosen to supply sufficient feedback energy in the VCO. Since there are two symmetrical inductors instead of the single transformer, the chip area can be reduced. Figure 10 depicts the lumped model of transformer, R_s is the series resistance of inductor, C_ox is the gate oxide capacitance, C_k is the capacitance of Number_ of_ Turns, R_sub and C_sub are Resister and Capacitance from inductance to substrate, respectively.

The simulation-tool ADS Momentum was used to simulate the parameters of the inductors. The simulated primary inductor (L₂) and secondary inductor (L₁) values are 2.356 nH and 1.37 nH as shown in Figure 11. The quality factors of L₁ and L₂ are 7.3 and 12.2 as shown in Figure 12. The transformer coupling coefficients K₁, K₂, K₃ and K₄ are approximately 0.66, 0.187, 0.012 and 0.072 at 5 GHz as shown in Figure 13.

2.4. Circuit Devices Sizes

The size of the devices used in our proposed VCO circuit is shown in Table 1. Our work has optimized the size of the devices to maximize the quality factor and to generate enough resistance to the oscillation, and also improve the performance of this proposed VCO.

3. Measurement Results

The proposed transformer feedback VCO is fabricated using a 0.18-μm CMOS process with six metal layers. Figure 14 shows the die micrograph, which occupies a chip area of 766 × 608 μm². The layout was made as symmetrical and compact as possible to ensure differential operation and reduce parasitic inductances or capacitances. Wafer measurements of output spectra were obtained using the Agilent E5052A spectrum analyzer. By varying bias across the varactors, we can tune the oscillation frequency. The tuning range is operated from 4.39 GHz to 5.8 GHz. Figure 15 shows the measured output spectrum of the proposed VCO whose oscillation frequency is 5.8 GHz. The output power is about –2.3 dbm. In Figure 15, there are two spurious signals around the center oscillation frequency, this phenomena is the extra noise coming from power supplies that coupled to the main oscillation signal on both sides.

Table 1. Devices sizes.

The phase noise spectrum measured, by a Agilent E5052A signal source analyzer, is shown in Figure 16. The phase noise is –124.3 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz frequency offset from 5.8 GHz carrier. The total current dissipation is in the vicinity of 11 mA. With a supply voltage of 0.8 V, the core current and power consumption are 5.5 mA and 4.4 mW, respectively.

The general performance when comparing the FOM and FOM_T of the VCO is defined as follows [14,15].

(12)

(13)

where is the center frequency, is the frequency offset, is the phase noise at, P_dc is the dc power consumption in mW, and FTR is the frequency tuning range in percent. Based on this calculation, the

figure of merit (FOM) of this proposed VCO is about –193.1 dBc/Hz at the carrier frequency of 5.8 GHz. The FOM_T is about –202 dBc/Hz.

The performance comparison between the proposed transformer feedback LC tank CMOS VCO with other previous reports are also summarized in Table 2. The comparison of FOM_T with phase noise of different VCOs are shown in Figure 17. The comparison of FOM_T with tuning range of different VCOs are shown in Figure 18. Our work exhibits excellent results. Due to the use of the transformer feedback technique, significant performance improvements are demonstrated in terms of output swing, frequency tuning range, and phase noise, making it extremely attractive for low-power and low-voltage RF applications.

4. Conclusion

A transformer feedback CMOS VCO is presented for low phase noise, low power and wideband operation. The VCO utilizes a gate to drain the transformer feedback configuration, and makes use of the quality factor improvement of the transformer-based LC tank. The proposed

Table 2. Comparison of transformer feedback VCO performance.

transformer feedback VCO is fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS process with six metal layers. The measurement results show that the phase noise is –124.3 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency and the output power is about –2.3 dBm. The measured tuning range is about 28% from 4.39 GHz to 5.8 GHz and the power dissipation is about 4.4 mW. The FOM and FOMT of the VCO is about –193.1 dBc/Hz and –202 dBc/Hz, respectively. The performance of our work is good for low voltage and low phase noise application of RF VCO.

REFERENCES