Energy and Power Engineering, 2013, 5, 1061-1068
doi:10.4236/epe.2013.54B202 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/epe)
Study on Electromagnetic Transient Condition of EMU
Passing by Phase-separation with Electric Load in
High-speed Railway*
Xiaoxu Guo, Jianzhong Wei, Long Xu, Shibin Gao, Zhengqing Han
School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
Received February, 2013
ABSTRACT
Aiming at the complex electromagnetic transient process of EMU passing by phase-separation with electric load in
high-speed railway, mechanism of overvoltage caused by switching off, overvoltage caused by switching on and impact
current is analyzed systematically in this article. π-type equivalent circuit of feeding section is put forward in the analy-
sis of overvoltage mechanism. Overvoltage and overcurrent model of passing by phase-separation with electric load are
also built. Correctness of mechanism was validated by simulation. In addition, the methods to solve the influence on
substations, transformers and protection devices in this process are put forward, which provides a new idea on passing
by phase-separation with electric load technology.
Keywords: Passing by Phase-separation with Electric Load; Electromagnetic Transient Process; Overvoltage; Impact
Current; Traction Power Supply System
1. Introduction
To make the balance of three phase load, the power sup-
ply of phase sequence rotation among substations is used
in the traction power supply system. At the same time, in
order to realize the electrical isolation of feeding section,
the phase-separation is added in the output of the traction
substation and section post in every 20-30 km [1]. In
order to meet the requirements of high-speed operation
and security, the way of ground-switch automatic convert
passing by phase-separation with electric load has been
adopted in high-speed railway [2]. Ground-switches are
being switched frequently when EMU passing by
phase-separation with electric load, and electrical pa-
rameters of “traction network – EMU – phase separation
system” are changing ceaselessly in this process, which
make traction network, EMU and phase separation sys-
tem operate from one state to another continuously. At
the same time, electromagnetic parameters in the system
such as voltage and current are changing complicated in
this dynamic process, which have an influence on various
components of the traction power supply system [3-7].
There are some researches about complex electromag-
netic transient process of EMU passing by phase-separa-
tion with electric load. That overvoltage caused by
switching off, overvoltage caused by switching on are
analyzed in theory and using electronic switch to avoid
overvoltage is put forward as in [8]. Transient response
of the system when locomotive transformer is invested is
analyzed as in [9], and selecting the appropriate voltage
phase angle into the locomotive transformer is to reduce
the inrush current. Reference [10] put forward that sec-
ondary harmonic content of differential current is reduc-
ing because of the differences of CT transmission char-
acteristics in both sides of transformer when closed with
load.
Based on this, mechanism of all kinds of the transient
phenomena is researched systematically, and overvoltage
and overcurrent model of passing by phase-separation
with electric load are also be built. Electromagnetic tran-
sient process having an influence on traction supply sys-
tem is studied through analysis of simulation.
2. Scheme of Ground-switch Automatic
Passing by Phase-separation
As ground-switch automatic passing by phase-separation
representative Shinkansen in Japan adopts the mode of
insulated overlaps device, which not only improves the
quality of pantograph’s current collection, but also takes
a short time, usually between 0.1~0.15s [11]. In this way,
the overhead catenary system(OCS) has no power supply
dead zone, and the main circuit breaker on EMU does not
*Supported by China National Natural Science Fund (50907055,
U1134205 and 51177139) and Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities

X. X. GUO ET AL.
1062
need action, therefore passing by phase-separation with
electric load is achieved. Its operational principle is
shown in Figure 1.
The neutral section is set up at phase-separation where
insulators F1, F2 are installed to insulate OCS in different
phase. Vacuum circuit breakers QF1, QF2 are across-the-
line in two different phases separately. Four locomotive
position sensors CG1 ~ CG4 are installed on both sides of
the rail. The neutral section is uncharged when QF1, QF2
are turned off when locomotive sails into neutral section,
and sensor CG1 can sense the position of locomotive,
neutral section is supplied by A phase in the event that
QF1 is turned on. When the locomotive arrives at CG2
but not reaches CG3, QF1 is turned off and QF2 is turned
on, so neutral section is supplied by B phase. When sen-
sor CG4 can sense the position of locomotive, QF1 and
QF2 are turned off, so neutral section returns to the state
that the locomotive does not go through.
3. Analysis of Electromagnetic Transient in
EMU Passing by Phase-separation
3.1. Transient Process Equivalent Model
Electrical model in transient process mainly includes
three parts, such as OCS, neutral section and EMU. OCS
and neutral section are distributed parameter circuits in
essence, which is the same as electric power line. OCS
can be expressed as π-type equivalent circuit, and neutral
section can be expressed as T-type equivalent circuit.
The main transformer on EMU is represented as RL se-
ries impedance. On the basis of the equivalent circuit of
the three parts above-mentioned, equivalent power sup-
ply and equivalent impedance of the traction substation
as well as mutual capacitance between OCS and neutral
section are considered. Equivalent model of EMU pass-
ing by phase-separation is shown in Figure 2.
In the scheme, UA and UB represent equivalent power
supplies of the traction substation. RS1, RS2 and LS1, LS2
represent separately equivalent resistance and equivalent
inductance of the two power supplies. R1, R2 and L1, L2
represent separately equivalent resistance and equivalent
inductance of the two feeding section. C1, 1
C

and C2,
T
R
1
QF
2
QF
1
CG
2
CG
3
CG
4
CG
1
F
2
F
2
C

represent ground capacitance of the left and right
feeding section separately. RN1, RN2 and LN1, LN2 are sep-
arately equivalent resistance and equivalent inductance of
the neutral section. CN represents ground capacitance of
the neutral section. CN1 and CN2 represent mutual
capacitance between OCS and neutral section. QF1 and
QF2 represent vacuum circuit breakers. R3 and L3 repre-
sent separately equivalent resistance and equivalent
inductance of the locomotive’s transformer. C3 represents
the ground capacitance of locomotive.
3.2. Mechanism Analysis of Overvoltage Caused
Becas inductive load, current is sud-
by Switching off
use the locomotive i
denly cut off before crossing zero when circuit breaker
QF1 is turned off. The residual electromagnetic energy in
the inductor is converted to capacitor energy because of
inductor current charging the capacitor, which results in
the sharp rising of the capacitor voltage. That is why the
overvoltage caused by switching off appears. overvoltage
generated interceptor. The influence of locomotive resis-
tance R3 is ignored. The simplified circuit schematic is
shown in Figure 3.
Making L = L3, C = CN + C3, QF1 is turned off when I
= Isinθ, equation o
mf oscillation circuit has been got as
follow.
1du 0Cudt
dt L


 (1)
general solution as in
1
cosua 2
11
sinta t
L
CLC
 (2) 
1
QF
1S
R
1S
L
A
U
1
R1
L
1
C
'
1
C
1N
R
1N
L
N
C
2
C
2N
R
2N
L
3
R
3
L
2S
R
2S
L
B
U
2
QF
2
R
2
L
'
2
C
1N
C
2N
C
3
C
Figure 2. Equivalent modeling schematic diagram of EMU
passing phase-separation.
1
N
N
L R
1
QF
1
C
Figure 1. Schematic diagramof automatic passing phase-
separation with ground switch.
N
C
3
C
3
L
N
1
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of equivalent circuit when QF1
is turned off.

X. X. GUO ET AL. 1063
In ideal conditions, the magnetic energy and the elec-
tric energy are oscillating in the entire loop, and the angle
frequency of the oscillation is
0
1
LC
 .
Initial condition is
0
0
0
(0)ucos
(0) sin
m
m
t
UU
du
iC II
dt




  


(3)
where, -U0 represents initial voltage of capacitor; I0



represents current of inductor in the moment QF1 is
turned off.
Make (3) into (2)
000
cos sin
L
0
tI t
C
uU

  (4)
where, -U0cosω0 represents oscillation com

ponent caused
by electric energy in C; 00
sin
L
I
t
C

 represents os-
cillation component causednergy in L. by magnetic e
2
22 0
000 2 m
U
LL
UIUI
(
0
CC I5)
where, U0 is very small and
2
0
2
0
0
U
I, so mL
UC . L
C
is large because locomotive is in load, e ductiveso voltag
is also very large after multiply by a small current.
Um can be expressed further as in
2222 22
00 sin cos mmm
LL
UIUI U
CC

  (6)
From (6), overvoltage is related to the ground induc-
tance, capacitance and the angle of current when QF is
turned off, and the voltage reaches its maximum v
when QF1 is turned off at θ = ±90°.
2, the neutral section
side mer of EMU and asynchronous
1
alue
3.3. Mechanism Analysis of Overvoltage Caused
by Switching on
When the locomotive arrives at CG
becomes uncharged in the short time when QF1 is turned
off and QF2 is not turned on. In this case, the low voltage
of the main transfor
motor group in the traction invertor and the auxiliary circuit
still form a closed loop [12]. Current flows through the
closed loop because parts of the asynchronous motor are
rotating and still remain energized. It becomes coupling
in the high voltage side of main transformer through aux-
iliary winding, which represents residual voltage of the
neutral section. Due to the transient difference in voltage
between the residual voltage of neutral section and the
voltage of power supply, impedance of transmission line
and capacitance of neutral section appear oscillation
process after QF2 is closed. Figure 4 is circuit schematic
when QF2 is closed; Figure 5 is vector diagram of the
closing circuit in which c u
,
L
u
,
R
u
 and
B
u
 repre-
sent the voltage of capacitance, inductance, resistance
and power supply separately, i
 represents current, β
represents phase angle of the power supply when switch
is turned on, γ represents imedance ale.
Since LN2 is very small when compared to the total
inductance of the whole loop and the ground capacitance
of neutral section CN is greater than which of locomo-
tive C3, the function of LN2, C3, C2, 2 C can
p ng
be ignored
and circuit is equivalent to RLC circuit. Making R = RS2
+ R2 + RN2, L = LS2 + L2, C = CN, uB = Umsin(ωt + β),
KVL equation of loop 1 can be got when QF2 is closed.
2
2sin( )
cc
cm
du du
LCRCu Ut
dt dt


 (7)
This is a second order linear nonhomogeneous differ-
ential equation. The same method of solving zero-state
response is used in full response of the second order
cuit, which can be got by bringing a non-zero initial val-
ue
ristic root is
cir-
into equation when confirming undetermined coef-
ficient.
Characteristic equation can be expressed as follow.
210LCp RCp
(8)
characte
211RR 2
2
a
1,2
0
22
Pa
LL LC

  (9)
  


3
C 2
C
2N
R
2N
L
3
L
2S
R
2S
L
B
U
2
QF
2
R
2
L
'
2
C
N
C
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of equivalent circuit when QF2
is turned on.
C
u

i

R
u



°
0
B
u

L
u

Figure 5. Vector diagram of equivalent circuit.

X. X. GUO ET AL.
1064
where, 2
R
aL  represents attenuation coefficient of line,
0
1
LC
 
line.
represents resonance angular frequency of
general solution as in
(10)
particular solution as in
12
12
pt pt
ch
uKeKe
sin( )
2
c
m
U
uXt
cp
Z

 
(11)
where,
22
()
LC
Z
XX R , arctan
L
C
X
X



R
turned off and QF2 is turned on
when t = 0, initial condition is
Supposing QF1 is
0
0
(0 )
c
u


(0 )
() 1(0 ) 0
cc
cL
t
uu
du ti
dt C








(12)
ding to initial condition Accor
12
12
12
0
21
21
cos( )
[21
21
21
()
()
sin() ()]
pt t
c
ch p
p
tpt
pt pt
u
uPeP
PePe
ZPP
tee
PP









Because the resistance consumes electrical energy in
th enuates periodically.
mc
PP
Ut
X

 (13)
e
e circuit, uc is a oscillation which att
0
a

, make
2
2
1
1
2
R
LC L





Equation (12) can also be expressed
00
1
1
1
1
01
sin() cos()]
Z
tt
sin( )
[sinsin()
at
c
ch
at
mc
u
uet
Ue
Xtt









(14)
where,

    
1 arctan a

 
Entire response is
00
1
1
1
1
01
{sin()+sin()
2
[sinsin( )
sin() cos()]
at
mc
cc
at
mc
Uu
uXte t
Z
Ue
Xtt
Z
tt



 

 

 



 


(15)
From (14), the voltage of neutral section relates to am-
plitude of power supply voltage, phase angle of the pow-
er supply when switch is turned on and residual voltage
of neutral section in the moment QF2 is turned o
voltage of neutral section is superimposition of
steady-state component and transient component, so the
overvoltage is higher. Transient component attenuates
y by coefficit
n. The
cyclicallen at e

due to the consumption of
3.4. Mechanism Analysis of Impact Current
Voltage and prodigious impact current which is insepa-
rable with the flux of locomotive main transform
appearing in the process of changing-over between QF1
and QF2 when EMU is passing by phase-separation with
electric load. Assuming that there is residual voltage in
ne
the line.
er are
utral section when QF1 is turned off, It is z
u



sin
zm z
Ut



(ωZ represents angular frequency). As
we all know, the relationship between voltage and flux is
d
uN
dt

 (N represents the number of coils). Flux of
locomotive main transformer can be obtained as follow.
cos( )
zm
z
zz
UtC
N


z


(16)
Where, CZ represents attenuation non-periodic c
ponent.
om-
When the QF2 is turned on, flux of locomotive as in
11
cos( )
m
UtC
N




(17)
Supposing that QF2 is turned on in t1. According to the
principle of flux cannot be mutation


1121
tt tt 


11 1
s( )cos()co
mmz
z
z
z
tC tC
N
 

UU
N 
(18)

Make (17) into (16)
11
1
cos( )cos()
z
cos( )
mz
UtC
mzm
z
UU
tt
NN
N


 





(19)
is
made up of steady-state flux and flux generated b
component when QF2 is turned on. The ltage
of


From (18), flux of locomotive main transformer
y DC
residual vo
neutral section decays with time in reality. So the flux
is expressed as in
1
s
ddt



 (20)
where, Φs represents steady-state flux, Φd represents
steady-state flux generated by DC component and Φdt

X. X. GUO ET AL. 1065
represents damped flux generated by DC component.
1m
R
IN

 (21)
where, N represents the number of coils and Rm repre-
sents total reluctance.
When β meet ωt + β = β + 2kT, Φ1 will reac
maximum 2Φs + Φdt, and inrush current increases greatly.
Impact current which up to 4-6 times as much as the
ra
4.1. Simulation Analysis of Overvoltage
1 =
0.48 Ω, L1 = 4.76 mH, R2 = 0
RN = 0.151 Ω and LN = 1.47 mH; CN = 0.01155 μF, CN1 =
4.
(θ = 0°);
Figure 6(b) shows the voltage waveform when the am-
For inductive
which of the
0°.
that QF1
ltage
Caused by Switching on
of thltage of neutral section which is
-
m
supply voltage and operating
conditions when electromagnetic transient process oc-
h the
ted current in closing side is the superposition of the
inrush current and low-voltage side current.
4. Simulation of EMU Passing by
Phase-separation
Making use of Matlab/Simulink to establish the module
of passing by phase-separation with electric load. Simu-
lation parameters are shown as follow. RS1 = 0.6969 Ω,
LS1 = 4.17 mH, RS2 = 0.3676 Ω and LS2 = 24.9 mH; R
.3836 Ω and L2 = 3.73 mH;
0.000325 μF and CN2 = 0.00415 μF.
1.1. Simulation Anal y si s of Overv ol tage Caus ed b y
Switching off
When QF1 is turned off, the simulation results of over-
voltage are shown in Figure 6: Figure 6(a) shows the
voltage waveform when current crossing zero
plitude of current is maximum (θ = ±90°).
load, the phase angle of voltage is ahead of
current 90°, so the angle of Ua is 90°when θ =
The simulation results in Figure 6 indicate
turned off causes a large overvoltage whose maximum
can reach 77.41 kV. The amplitude of the overvoltage is
related to the phase of current when QF1 is turned off,
which is a good description of the correctness of the
analysis of the mechanism.
4.1.2. Simulation An al ys i s of Overv o
When QF2 is turned on in this process, the absolute value
e maximum vo
shown in Table 1 can be got through simulating in the
condition that phase angle β is 0°- 350°.
As can be seen from I, overvoltage minimum appears
when β is in the vicinity of 10°or 180°; overvoltage
maximum is appearing when β in the vicinity of 90°or
270°.
The waveforms of overvoltage minimum and maxi
um are shown in Figure 7: Figure 7(a) β = 180°,
Figure 7( b) β = 270°.
The simulation results in Figure 7 indicate that QF2
turned on causes a large overvoltage whose maximum
can reach 77.68 kV. The amplitude of the overvoltage is
related to the phase of power
curs.
00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 1 0
4
t/s
Neuter-ral section ovvoltage/kV
(a) QF1 is turned off when the phase angle of Ua is 90°(θ = 0°)
00.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.5
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8x 1 04
t/s
Neutral section over-volt
(b) QF1 is turned off when the phase angle of Ua is 0°(θ = -90°)
Figure 6. Overvoltage waveforms when QF1 is turned off.
Ta -
tion..
β(°) 0 10 20 30 40 50
age/kV
ble 1. Absolute value of peak overvoltage of neutral sec
U(kV)45.90 40.92 41.94 47.23 52.5357.60
β(°) 60 70 80 90 100 110
U(kV)62.23 66.2569.48 71.11 70.4867.60
β(°) 120 130 140 150 160 170
U(kV)62.58 58.29 56.09 53.15 49.6245.38
β(°) 180 190 200 210 220 230
U(kV)40.60 42.15 47.50 52.92 58.3863.64
β(°) 240 250 260 270 280 290
U(kV)68.45 72.64 76.05 77.68 77.0574.18
β(°) 300 310 320 330 340 350
U(kV)69.15 62.93 60.85 58.02 54.6450.56

X. X. GUO ET AL.
1066
00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8x 1 0
4
Neu tral sectkV
t/s
ion over-voltage/
ned o0° (a) QF2 is turn when the phase angle of Ub is 18
00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8x 104
t/s
Neutral sec tion over-voltage/kV
(b) QF2 is turned on when the phase angle of Ua is 270°
Figure 7. Overvoltage waveforms when QF2 is turned on.
The protection gap on the locomotive roof discharges
because of overvoltage, which results in traction substa-
tion tripping and interrupting power supply and trans-
portation. The frequent shocks of overvoltage have an
influe erter
nd auxiliary motor system. The overvoltage is related to
oscillation caused by the changes in circuit parameters
when circuit breaker is operating and voltage phase angle
when switching on or off, thereby it can be suppressed
effectively by eliminating oscillation in the condition of
changing the circuit parameters. In addition, using phase-
controlled rectification technology in switching on and
off is an effective method.
4.2. Simulation Analysis of Impact Current
I
C
0 MVA, variable ratio is 220/27.5 kV; equivalent resis-
ta
residual voltage of neutral section and overvoltage caused
gle when QF2 is turned on.
Impact current whose amplitude is 5 times higher than
n of
the t. Wave-
nce on the life of traction transformers, conv
a
nfluence on Differential Protection
apacity of traction transformer adopted in simulation is
4
nce and inductance of feeding section in both sides of
phase-separation are 4.475 Ω and 19.35 mH; equivalent
resistance and inductance of neutral section is 0.063 Ω
and 0.198 mH; capacity of main transformer of EMU is
8MVA, variable ratio is 27.5/1.5 kV. Excitation inrush
current of the EMU transformer is shown in Figure 8
when QF2 is turned on, and inrush current of the EMU
transformer closing side is shown in Figure 9.
As can be seen from the simulation results: the core of
EMU main transformer is saturation under the action of
by switching off, which comes into being excitation in-
rush current whose amplitude is high and waveform ex-
ists obvious discontinuity an
that of rated current in closing side is the superpositio
inrush current and low-voltage side curren
form does not exist obvious discontinuity angle, however
waveform generates obvious distortion because of non-
periodic component.
Making use of the CT model in PSCAD, impact cur-
rent is flowing into the low-voltage side of traction
transformer directly, and the secondary current of high
and low sides of traction transformer can be got. CT pa-
rameter settings: CT ratio of low-voltage side k = 2000/5
A, l = 0.5 m, S = 51.2 cm2, R = 0.13 Ω; CT ratio of
high-voltage side k = 250/5 A, l = 0.7 m, S = 23.2 cm2, R
= 0.06 Ω. The impact current is imported into the pri-
mary side of CT, secondary current of CT is shown in
Figure 10.
From Figure 10, due to the fact that the flux of CT
core does not mutation, the waveform of secondary cur-
rent does not show obvious distortion in the moment of
closing. Then the waveform of secondary current is dis-
torted because of CT core saturation, which is under the
action of non-periodic component. The transmission
characteristics of traction transformer between steady-
state cycle component and non-periodic component is
different, so there is a large difference in the non-peri-
odic component of both sides. The non-periodic compo-
nent of current in high-voltage side is much smaller than
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
t/s
Figure 8. Excitation inrush current of the EMU
transformer.
Excitation inrush/A
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Inru sh cu rren t/A
t/s
Figure 9. Inrush current of the EMU transformer closing
side.

X. X. GUO ET AL. 1067
that of current in low-voltage side. Therefore, the wave-
form of CT secondary current of high-voltage side does
not contain any distortion.
Figure 11 shows waveform of the differential current
flowing in the differential relay, which indicates that the
differential current distortion within the first few cycles
after closing is obvious, primarily because that the non-
periodic component of impact current is not attenuated
sufficiently. After a period of time, the non-periodic
rier transformation, and the result is
Figure 12.
Figure 12 shows that in the first cycle, the second
harmonic content is reducing continuously, which is re-
lated to that CT secondary current of low-voltage side of
traction transformer does not appear obvious distortion in
component of the current is almost attenuation finished.
The second harmonic of the differential current is ana-
zed by using Fouly
shown in
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-5
0
5
10
15
20
t/s
(a) CT secondary current in low voltage side of traction transformer
C T secondary current/A
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.250.3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
t/s
C
T
(b) CT secondary current in high voltage side of traction transformer
Figure 10. CT secondary current.
secondary current/A
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
t/s
00.05 0.1 0.150.2 0.25 0.3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
t/s
Second harmonic am plitude percentage/%
F
ferential cu r
the first cycle. Subsequently, the second harmonic con-
tent increases with the distortion of the waveform. The
second harmonic content is less than 15% below its set
value (15% to 20%) in 0.15s after closing, so protection
cannot latch and differential protection of traction trans-
former is misoperation.
According to the analysis above, the impact current
can cause traction transformer differential protection
misoperation. For the misoperation caused by that second
harmonic content is low, using dual scheme in different
tial pe
waveform recognition atresia criterion.
5. Conclusions
Mechanism of overvoltage and impact current in the
electromagnetic transient process of passing by
phase-separation with electric load is studied in the round
in this article, and the equivalent model is built for each
of the transient process, which can be used to analyze
overvoltage and impact current. Suppressing overvoltage
by changing the parameters of the circuit and using
isoperation caused by impact current
EFERENCES
igure 12. Second harmonic amplitude percentage in dif-
rent.
-
rotection can solve the problem by increasing th
phase-controlled rectifier technology is proposed; differ-
ential protection m
is solved by increasing the waveform recognition atresia
criterion. So the article provides a reference for subse-
quent studies, and the resonance overvoltage in this tran-
sient process is more complicated, which needs further
analysis in later period.
6. Acknowledgements
The authors express sincere gratitude to the support of
China National Natural Science Fund (50907055,
U1134205 and 51177139) and Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities.
D ifferen tial c urren t/A
Figure 11. Waveform of the differential current.
R
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