R. C. MAGEL
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 323
on improving their overall environment. The adequate gender
ratio score did not make an overall difference in women’s health
scores. Disciplines that reported a higher ratio of women fac-
ulty and greater efforts being made to recruit women faculty,
did not report significantly higher health scores for women.
What did have an effect on health scores was how women thought
they were treated, whether they thought their work was valued,
and whether they thought their opinions were sought and mat-
tered. This also is what had an effect on health scores for men.
Acknowledgements
This work was sponsored by an NSF Advance Grant HRD-
0811239.
REFERENCES
Abadie, A., Christy, A., Jones, J., Wang, J. and Lima, M. (2009). Lon-
gitudinal survey of female faculty in biological and agricultural en-
gineering. Transactions of the ASABE, 52, 1397-1405.
Abramson, Z. (2007). Masked symptoms: Mid-life women, health, and
work. Canadian Journal on Aging, 26, 295-304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.26.4.295
August, L., & Waltman, J. (2004). Culture, climate, and contribution:
Career satisfaction among female faculty. Research in Higher Edu-
cation, 45, 177-192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RIHE.0000015694.14358.ed
Balzer, W., & Bourdreau, N. (1996). Critical modeling principles when
testing for gender equity in faculty salary. Research in Higher Edu-
cation, 37, 633-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01792950
Barbezat, D., & Hughes, J. (2005). Salary structure effects and the
gender pay gap in academia. Research in Higher Education, 46, 621-
640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-4137-1
Bellas, M. (1993). Faculty salaries: Still a cost of being female? Social
Science Quarterly (University o f T e xa s Press), 74, 62-75.
Bourdreau, N., Sullivan, J., Balzer, W., Ryan, A. M., Yonker, R., Thor-
steinson, T., & Hutchinson, P. (1997). Should faculty rank be in-
cluded as a predictor variable in studies of gender equity in univer-
sity faculty salaries? Resea r ch in Higher Education, 38, 297-312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024946022857
Blackwell, L. V., Snyder, L. A., & Mavriplis, C. (2009). Diverse fac-
ulty in STEM fields: Attitudes, performance, and fair treatment. Jour-
nal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2, 195-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016974
Brady, K. L., & Eisler, R. M. (1999). Sex and gender in the college
classroom: A quantitative analysis of faculty-student interactions.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 127-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.1.127
Bronstein, P., & Farnsworth, L. (1998). Gender differences in faculty
experiences of interpersonal climate and processes for advancement.
Research in Higher Education, 39, 557-585.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018701722855
Burke, K., Duncan, K., Krall, L., & Spencer, D. (2005). Gender differ-
ences in faculty pay and faculty salary compression. Social Science
Journal, 42, 165-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2005.03.006
Burns-Glover, A., & Veith, D. (1995). Revisiting gender and teaching
evaluations: Sex still makes a difference. Journal of Social Behavior
and Personality, 10, 69-80.
Catano, V., Francis, L., Haines, T., Kirpalani, H., Shannon, H., Stringer,
B., & Lozanzki, L. (2010). Occupation stress in Canadian Universi-
ties: A national survey. International Journal of Stress Management,
17, 232-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018582
Cress, C. M., & Hart, J. (2009). Playing soccer on the foot-ball field:
The persistence of gender inequities for women faculty. Equity &
Excellence in Education, 42, 473-488.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10665680903284523
Dollard, M. F., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as
a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health
problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational &
Organizational Psychology, 83, 579-599.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470690
Faculty Worklife Survey (2006). Study of faculty worklife at the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin-Madison.
http://wiseli.engr.wisc.edu/research/w2_facultyversion06.pdf
Fields, C. (2005). Summers to improve college climate. Change, 3, 7.
Glen, D. (2007). Alienation harms female professors, study finds. Chro-
nicle of Higher Education, 53.
Greene, J., Stockard, J., Lewis, P., & Richmond, G. (2010). Isthe aca-
demic climate chilly? The views of women academic chemists.
Journal of Chemical Education, 87, 381-385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed800042z
Hagedorn, L. S. (2000). Conceptualizing faculty job satisfaction com-
ponents, theories, andoutcomes. New Directions for Institutional Re-
search, 27, 5-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ir.10501
Haney, P., & Forkenbrock, D. (2006). Making fair and predictable
salary adjustments for faculty of public research universities. Re-
search in Higher Education, 47, 111-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11162-005-8154-5
Henry, W. J., & Nixon, H. L. (1994). Changing a campus climate for
minorities and women. Equity & Diversity in Education, 27, 48-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1066568940270308
Holmgren, K., Hensing, G., & Dellve, L. (2010). The association be-
tween poor organizational climate and high work commitments, and
sickness absence in a general population of men and women. Journal
of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 52, 1179-1185.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181fc5c1a
Hult, C. (2005). How’s the climate on your campus? Academic Leader,
21, 5-6.
Jacobs, P., Tytherleigh, M., Webb, C., & Copper, C. (2007). Predictors
of work performance among higher education employees: An ex-
amination using the ASSET model of stress. International Journal of
Stress Management, 14, 199-210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.199
Laube, H., Massoni, K., Sprague, J., & Ferber, A. L. (2007). The im-
pact of gender on the evaluation of teaching: What we know and
what we can do. NWSA Journal, 19, 87-104.
Messing, K., Lippel, K., Demers, D. L., & Mergler, D. (2000). Equality
and difference in the workplace: Physical job demands, occupational
illnesses, and sex differences. Feminist Formations, 12, 21-49.
Miller, J., & Chamberlin, M. (2000). Women are teachers, men are
professors: A study of student perceptions. Teaching Sociology, 28,
283-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1318580
Miner-Rubino, K., Settles, I. H., & Stewart, A. J. (2009). More than
numbers: Individual and contextual factors in how gender diversity
affects women’s well-being. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33,
463-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01524.x
NDSU Internal Evaluation Work Life Survey (2010).
http://www.ndsu.edu/forward/program_evaluation
Oaxaca, R., & Ransom, M. (2002). Regression methods for correcting
salary inequities between groups of academic employees. New Di-
rections for Institutional Research, 115, 91-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ir.55
Piercy, F., Giddings, V., Allen, K., Dixon, B., Meszaros, P., & Joest, K.
(2005). Improving campus climate to support faculty diversity and
retention: A pilot program for new faculty. Innovative Higher Edu-
cation, 30, 53-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10755-005-3297-z
Porter, S., Toutkoushian, R., & Moore III, J. (2008). Pay inequities for
recently hired faculty, 1988-2004. The Review of Higher Education,
31, 465-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.0.0014
Recommended actions for enhancing department climate.
Settles, I. H., Cortina, L. M., Malley, J., & Stewart, A. J. (2006). The
climate for women in academic science: The good, the bad, and the
changeable. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 47-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00261.x
Settles, I. H., Cortina, L. M., Stewart, A. J., & Malley, J. (2007). Voice
matters: Buffering the impact of a negative climate for women in
science. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 270-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00370.x