Psychology
2013. Vol.4, No.3, 183-188
Published Online March 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/psych) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.43028
Effects of Makeup, Perfume and Skincare Product Usage
and Hair Care Regimen on Circadian Typology,
Sleep Habits and Mental Health in Female
Japanese Students Aged 18 - 30*
Risa Nishihara1, Kai Wada1, Osami Akimitsu1, Milada Krejci2, Teruki Noji3,
Miyo Nakade4, HitomiTakeuchi1, Tetsuo Harada1#
1Department Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences,
Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
2Department of Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice,
Czech Republic
3Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
4Department of Nutritional Management, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tokai Gakuen University,
Nagoya, Japan
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail]
Received September 8th, 2012; revised January 11th, 2013; accepted February 9th, 2013
Olfactory stimulation has been reported to trigger waking up during night sleep, and to affect the sympa-
thetic nervous system and blood pressure of humans via the circadian clock system. Olfactory stimulation
may promote better sleep health in Japanese students living in 24-hour society, but no studies have been
done on this hypothesis. The purpose of this study is to make it clear what are the effects of makeup, per-
fume and skin care products on the circadian typology, sleep habits and mental health of female Japanese
students aged 18 - 30 using an integrated questionnaire. Students who regularly used skin care products
went to bed earlier on both weekdays and weekends and also got up earlier in the morning on weekdays
than those who did not (p < 0.05). The students who wore makeup two or more days per week showed
higher sleep quality than those who were makeup only one day a week or less (p < 0.05). The students
who regularly carried out a hair care regimen showed a significantly lower frequency of becoming angry
after a small trigger and of losing control due to anger than those who did not. Makeup, perfume and skin
care products might be possible to be related to better sleep health for students. Moreover, hair care may
help maintain mental health in female students. Makeup, perfume and skin care products might be implied
to become chemical, mechanical and/or psychological stimuli as zeitgebers for circadian clock of students.
Keywords: Makeup; Perfume; Skin Care; Circadian Typology; Sleep Health; Mental Health; Japanese
Students Aged 18 - 30 yrs
Introduction
Olfactory stimulation triggers waking up during night sleep
(Borio, 2006), and affects the sympathetic nervous system and
blood pressure of humans via the circadian clock system (Nagai,
2007). Olfactory stimulation may promote better sleep health in
Japanese students living in 24-hour society. A hypothesis might
be available that stimulation by olfactory chemicals at regular
time including make-up products, perfume and skin-care prod-
ucts and also hair-care regime could become chemical, me-
chanical and/or psychological zeitgebers. The progression of
24-hour commercialization society disturbs diurnal rhythms in
both young and older Japanese students (Harada, 2008). The
olfactory zeitgebers might diminish the disturbance of diurnal
rhythms due to the 24-hour commercialization society
Many studies have been done on the effects of makeup be-
haviour on psychological feature exclusively (Kato et al., 2010).
However, only a limited number of studies have been carried
out on the effects of makeup and perfume and olfactory stimu-
lations on circadian typology and sleep in humans. Goel and
Lao (2006) showed that peppermint, a stimulating odor, in-
creased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in women and
increased alertness in men. Sandalwood oil has been widely
used in aromatherapy for alleviating various symptoms. Appli-
cation of santalol, a major component of sandalwood oil,
caused a significant decrease in total waking time and an in-
crease in total NREM sleep time in rats (Ohmori et al., 2007).
Komori et al. (1997) showed that a mixed odorant (Central
Nervous System stimulant) consisting of rose, sandalwood and
iris increased sleep time by 37% in male Sprague-Dawley rats,
while lemon (CNS depressant) decreased it by 23%.
This study attempts to clarify the effects of using makeup,
perfume and skincare products and carrying out a hair care
regimen on the circadian typology, sleep habits and mental
health and tries to answer the question, “whether can the olfac-
tory , mechanical and/or psychological stimulants become the
*The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
#Corresponding author.

R. NISHIHARA ET AL.
significant zeitgeber for women?”, from an epidemiological
point of view.
Participants and Methods
Procedure of the Questionnaire Study
This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2010,
using an integrated questionnaire which was administered to
166 female students aged 18 - 30 who attended a university
(126) or a training school for nurses (40), both located in Kochi
Prefecture in Japan (33˚N). The female participants were ran-
domly sampled from a wide majoring field (Faculties of Educa-
tion, Science, Humans and Literatures, Agriculture, Medical
School and Nurses Training School). Responses were received
from 166 students (response rate of 100%) and incomplete
responses (i.e. age was not filled out or the diurnal preference
section was incomplete) were discarded. Analysis for the cur-
rent study was then limited to 161 responses from students aged
19 - 29, in order to focus on young Japanese women. Classes in
the university and the training school start at 8:50 and 8:40,
respectively. Saturdays and Sundays are days off for both.
Contents of the Questionnaire
The integrated questionnaire consisted of three parts and
asked participants to anonymously answer the questions on
chronic state (subjective symptoms) of their life for the last
month. The first part was a Japanese version for students (Ha-
rada, 2004a) of the Torsvall-Åkerstedt Diurnal type scale
(1980). The diurnal type scale is used to measure an individ-
ual’s diurnal preference. Three of the 7 questions included in
the scale pertain to sleep onset timing in the evening, 3 to sleep
offset timing in the morning, and 1 to peak timing of activity
during the daytime. Each question allows for choice (scored
from 1 to 4). The score of the scale is the sum of the 7 answers.
The minimum possible score is 7 (extreme evening-type) and
the maximum possible score is 28 (extreme morning-type).
The quality of sleep before the holidays or weekdays was
expressed as a combined score of the frequency of difficulty
falling asleep and waking up in the morning scored from 2 to10
(2: both always, 10: both never).
The last part of the questionnaire consisted of original ques-
tions on use of makeup, perfume, and skincare products and
application of a hair care regimen in their daily life. Table 1
shows the questions and possible answers.
Reliability of the Integrated Questionnaire
The questionnaire currently used most widely was con-
structed by Horne & Östberg (1976) and was based on an origi-
nal questionnaire by Östberg consisting of 14 items which was
revised and lengthened to 19 items. Correlations have been
examined in M-E scores in the two versions: one by Torsvall &
Åkerstedt (1980), the other by Horne & Östberg (1976). High
correlation values were shown by junior high students aged 11 -
15 years (Ishihara, communication, r = 0.673 - 0.762; Pearson’s
correlation test: p < 0.001), and for 18 - 25 year old students in
occupational and physical therapy training school (Harada un-
published, r = 0.736; Pearson’s correlation test: p < 0.001). This
provides validation of the Japanese version of the Torsvall &
Åkerstedt Diurnal Type Scale.
Table 1.
Questions and answers on using makeup (A), perfume (B) andskincare
products (C) and carrying out a hair care regimen (D).
(A)
Q: Do you do wear makeup regularly? If yes, how many times
per week?
A: Yes ((1) everyday, (2) 4 - 5 times, (3) 2 - 3 times, (4) 0 - 1
time(s)), No
(B)
Q: Do you wear perfume regularly? If yes, how many times per
week?
A: Yes ((1) everyday, (2) 4 - 5 times, (3) 2 - 3 times, (4) 0 - 1
time(s)), No
(C)
Q: Do you use skincare products regularly (e.g. face or body
lotion)? If yes, how many times per week?
A: Yes ((1) everyday, (2) 4 - 5 times, (3) 2 - 3 times, (4) 0 - 1
time(s)), No
(D)
Q:
Do you regularly carry out a hair care regimen (e.g. using a
comb or using liquid, mousse, oil or gel)? If yes, how many
times per week?
A: Yes ((1) everyday, (2) 4 - 5 times, (3) 2 - 3 times, (4) 0 - 1
time(s)), No
Moreover, the Japanese version for students of the Tors-
vall-Åkerstedt Diurnal type scale questionnaire has been used
in several papers (Takeuchi et al., 2001; Harada et al., 2002;
Harada et al., 2006) and this version was again used in this
study.
The sleep habits part of the integrated questionnaire used in
this study was originally constructed by Harada et al. (1998)
and has been used in several papers (Harada et al., 2002; Ha-
rada et al., 2004; Takeuchi et al., 2001; Takeuchi et al., 2003;
Shinomiya et al., 2004; Harada et al., 2007; Nakade et al., 2009;
Wada et al., 2009; Krejci et al., 2011).
Statistical Analysis
The questionnaire data was analyzed with 12.0J statistical
software for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Mann-
Whitney U-test was used for pair wise comparative test of con-
tinuous numerals and Kai-square test was used for the catego-
rized data. The independent variables are whether participants
used or not the make-up products, perfume and skin-care prod-
ucts and hair-care regime, or the frequency to use these four
products and regime, while dependent variables were the Diur-
nal Type Scale, variables on sleep duration and sleep quality,
and variables on mental health. As the significant level for the
statistical analyses, 5% was adopted in this study.
Ethical Treatment
This study followed the ethical guideline of the Journal of
Physiological Anthropology for conducting research on human
subjects. All the students attending a University or nurses train-
ing school who participated gave their consent. The committee
in the Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Graduate
School of Integrated Arts and Sciences at Kochi University
carried out an ethical inspection of the questionnaire and gave
184

R. NISHIHARA ET AL.
permission to administer this epidemiological study to 18 to 30
years old students.
Results
Students who regularly wore perfume tended to wake up ear-
lier on week day mornings (Table 2) and showed shorter sleep
latency on weekends (Table 3) than those who did not. Stu-
dents who regularly used skincare products went to bed earlier
on both weekdays and the weekend and also got up earlier on
weekday mornings than those who did not (Table 2). Students
who wore makeup two or more days a week showed higher
sleep quality than those who only wore makeup one day a week
or less (Figure 1).
Students who used skincare products everyday included a
higher proportion of participants that had difficulty waking up
in the weekend morning than those who used skincare products
less frequently (Table 4). Students who regularly used perfume
included a higher ratio of participants who felt depression,
Table 2.
Relationship between whether participants use makeup, perfume, and skincare products and carry out a hair care regimen and circadian typology and
sleep habits in Japanese female students (combined data of 161 university students and students in medical nurse training school) and statistical analy-
sis (Kruskal-Wallis test). (Mean ± SD [n]) WD: weekday; WE: weekend.
Bedtime Wakeup time Sleep duration
Diurnal score
WD WE WD WE WD WE
Makeup
Yes 15.8 ± 3.4 (127) 24.2 ± 1.1 (129) 25.0 ± 1.3 (129) 7.0 ± 1.2 (129) 9.3 ± 1.7 (129) 6.8 ± 1.3 (128) 8.3 ± 1.6 (128)
No 15.5 ± 3.2 (31) 24.5 ± 0.8 (31) 25.1 ± 1.4 (30) 7.2 ± 0.8 (31) 9.3 ± 1.8 (31) 6.7 ± 1.0 (31) 8.2 ± .1.1 (30)
U-test
Z −0.323 −1.495 −0.256 −1.287 −0.188 −0.223 −0.328
P 0.746 0.135 0.798 0.198 0.851 0.823 0.743
Bedtime Wakeup time Sleep duration
Diurnal score
WD WE WD WE WD WE
Perfume
Yes 16.0 ± 3.4 (48) 24.2 ± 1.2 (47) 25.1 ± 1.3 (47) 6.9 ± 1.5 (48) 9.1 ± 2.1 (47) 6.7 ± 1.7 (47) 8.0 ± 1.8 (46)
No 15.6 ± 3.3 (111) 24.4 ± 1.0 (114) 25.1 ± 1.0 (31) 7.2 ± 0.9 (113) 9.4 ± 1.5 (114) 6.8 ± 1.0 (113) 8.3 ± 1.3 (112)
U-test
Z −0.019 −0.604 −0.146 −2.535 −0.822 −1.661 −1.393
P 0.985 0.546 0.884 0.011* 0.411 0.097 0.164
Bedtime Wakeup time Sleep duration
Diurnal score
WD WE WD WE WD WE
Skin care products
Yes 15.8 ± 3.4 (131) 24.2 ± 1.0 (134) 25.0 ± 1.3 (133) 7.0 ± 1.2 (134) 9.3 ± 1.7 (134) 6.8 ± 1.3 (134) 8.3 ± 1.5 (133)
No 14.7 ± 3.0 (20) 24.9 ± 0.9 (20) 25.6 ± 1.1 (18) 7.7 ± 0.7 (19) 10.0 ± 1.4 (20) 6.8 ± 0.9 (19) 8.1 ± 1.0 (18)
U-test
Z −1.487 −3.044 −2.049 −2.649 −1.740 −0.315 −0.602
P 0.137 0.002* 0.040* 0.008* 0.082 0.753 0.547
Bedtime Wakeup time Sleep duration
Diurnal score
WD WE WD WE WD WE
Hair care regimen
Yes 15.8 ± 3.4 (124) 24.3 ± 1.1 (126) 25.0 ± 1.3 (125) 7.1 ± 1.2 (127) 9.2 ± 1.8 (126) 6.8 ± 1.3 (126) 8.2 ± 1.5 (124)
No 15.9 ± 3.0 (32) 24.3 ± 0.8 (32) 25.1 ± 1.0 (31) 7.1 ± 0.9 (31) 9.6 ± 1.5 (32) 6.8 ± 0.8 (31) 8.4 ± 1.2 (31)
U-test
Z −0.331 −0.334 −0.503 −0.446 −1.243 −0.011 −0.503
P 0.741 0.738 0.615 0.656 0.214 0.991 0.615

R. NISHIHARA ET AL.
Figure 1.
Relationship between sleep quality and frequency of wearing makeup in female students aged 18 - 30 yrs.
(χ2-test: χ2-value = 36.7, df = 4, p = 0.047).
Table 3.
Relationship between whether or not female students wear makeup and sleep latency on weekends, % (n).
Sleep latency on weekends (min)
Makeup 0 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 60 >60
Yes 32.0 (33) 59.2 (61) 6.8 (7) 1.9 (2)
No 36.2 (21) 39.7 (23) 19.0 (11) 5.1 (3)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 8.871, df = 3, p = 0.031*
Table 4.
Relationship between frequency of using skincare product and frequency of having difficulty waking up in the morning on weekends, % (n).
Frequency of having difficulty waking up in the morning
Frequency of skincareproduct usage
Always Often Sometime Rare Never
Everyday 47.7 (55) 32.8 (38) 14.7 (17) 5.2 (6) 0.0 (0)
4 - 5 times /week 28.5 (2) 28.5 (2) 42.9 (3) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0)
2 - 3 times 30.0 (3) 10.0 (1) 40.0 (4) 0.0 (0) 20.0 (2)
0 - 1 times 0.0 (0) 50.0 (2) 50.0 (2) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0)
Never 27.3 (3) 36.4 (8) 27.3 (6) 9.1 (2) 0.0 (0)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 29.0, df = 16, p = 0.024
186

R. NISHIHARA ET AL.
became angry after a small trigger and became irritated with
high frequency than those who did not (Table 5). Students who
regularly carried out a hair care regimen showed a significantly
lower frequency of becoming angry after a small trigger and a
lower frequency of losing control due to anger than those who
did not (Table 6).
Table 5.
Relationship between whether or not they use perfume and mental health in Japanese women students aged 18 - 30 yrs. % (n).
Frequency to feel depressed
Perfume Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 33.3 (16) 22.9 (11) 41.7 (20) 2.1 (1)
No 18.4 (21) 41.2 (47) 36.0 (41) 4.4 (5)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 7.343, df = 3, p = 0.062
Frequency to feel anger after a small trigger
Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 14.6 (7) 10.4 (5) 54.2 (26) 20.8 (10)
No 3.5 (4) 11.4 (13) 65.8 (75) 19.3 (22)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 6.903, df = 3, p = 0.075
Frequency to feel irritated
Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 22.9 (11) 16.7 (8) 50.0 (24) 10.4 (5)
No 7.9 (9) 22.8 (26) 60.5 (69) 8.8 (10)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 7.531, df = 3, p = 0.057
Frequency to lose control due to anger
Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 0 (0) 2.1 (1) 33.3 (16) 64.6 (31)
No 0 (0) 0.9 (1) 28.3 (32) 70.8 (80)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 0.60, df = 2, p = 0.662
Table 6.
Relationship between whether or not they carry out a hair care regimen and mental health in Japanese women students aged 18-30 yrs. % (n).
Frequency to feel depressed
Hair care Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 21.9 (28) 35.2 (45) 40.6 (52) 2.3 (3)
No 34.4 (10) 34.4 (11) 25.0 (8) 9.4 (4)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 5.403, df=3, p = 0.145
Frequency to feel anger after a small trigger
Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 7.8 (10) 7.8 (10) 64.1 (82) 20.3 (26)
No 3.1 (1) 28.1 (9) 56.3 (18) 12.5 (4)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 9.301, df = 3, p = 0.026
Frequency to feel irritated
Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 13.3 (17) 20.3 (26) 58.6 (75) 7.8 (10)
No 9.4 (3) 25.0 (8) 53.1 (17) 12.5 (4)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 1.312, df = 3, p = 0.726
Frequency to lose control due to anger
Often Sometime Rarely Never
Yes 0 (0) 0.8 (1) 26.8 (34) 72.4 (92)
No 3.1 (1) 3.1 (1) 43.8 (14) 50.0 (16)
χ2-test: χ2-value = 8.351 , df = 3, p = 0.039

R. NISHIHARA ET AL.
Discussion
For adult females, using makeup, perfume, or skincare prod-
ucts or carrying out a hair care regimen had no significant ef-
fect on circadian typology, and therefore does not appear to be
a strong zeitgeber for the circadian clock system. Using such
products does, however, appear to be potentially effective for
improving sleep health in young women. Some chemical con-
tained in makeup, perfume and skincare products, mechanical
stimuli and/or psychological stimuli of these products may
improve sleep quality in this case as well.
Twenty percent of the female students surveyed did not carry
out a hair care regimen. Those students exhibited a mental state
in which anger is more easily triggered than those who did
carry out a hair care regimen. Moreover, the female students
who used perfume tended to show higher frequency to be de-
pressed, anger with a small trigger and irritated than those who
did not. Hair care and the use of perfume may be related to
stabilization of mental state in women, although this study has
great limitation for such discussion and further experimental
studies are required.
Makeup, perfume and skin care products might be possible to
be related to better sleep health for students. Moreover, hair
care and perfume may function as a stabilizer for the mental
health in female students. Makeup, perfume and skin care prod-
ucts might be implied to become chemical, mechanical and/or
psychological stimuli as effective agents for promoting sleep
and mental health for young women students.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the participants of this study. Thanks are also
due to the Kochi University President Foundation for Support
of Research (2009-2012) and Research Fund by JSPS (Fund No:
22370089: 2010-2013) both to T. Harada.
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