Sociology Mind
2012. Vol.2, No.4, 401-406
Published Online October 2012 in SciRes (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/sm) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2012.24053
Societal Perception of Communication Strategies among
Married Couples in Nsukka, South-Eastern, Nigeria
Christian Iyiani, Christopher Ngwu
Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Received July 18th, 2012; revised August 16th, 2012; accepted August 27th, 2012
When communication between couples becomes strained or even non-existent, the entire foundation of
the relationship is affected. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine communication strategies
that will improve couple’s relationships. Data were gathered from 197 couples of Igbo ethnic group using
a 20-item scale measuring societal perception of married couples. Results showed that about half of the
respondents (51.1%) were able to identify strategies couples can take to reduce misunderstanding in mar-
riage relationship. The study also revealed that 53.2% of the respondents were of the opinion that culture
has an influence on effective communication among couples. A major implication of the findings is the
need to focus mainly on improving marital relationship through application of effective communication
strategies by couples.
Keywords: Perception; Communication Strategies; Married Couples; Effective Communication
Introduction
Communication as a concept has its origin from a Latin word
“communicare” which means to share or establish commonness.
Communication is a tool for inter-personal relationship which
involves sharing of ideas and information towards reaching an
understandable agreement or view (Diringer, 1997). Commu-
nication can be described as a social process that uses signs,
symbols, languages and other such means to bring about in-
ter-exchange of thought and meaning between and among indi-
viduals and groups for better understanding and relationships
(Ogili, 2005). Many people usually think of communication
primarily in oral or written form but the fact remains that
communication is far much more than that, for instance, a gen-
tle touch can enable one communicate a message louder and
clearer.
Most people think of communication as merely speaking, yet
communication is multifaceted and involves listening skills and
non-verbal communications as well (Linda, 2010). According
to P.S. Perkins (2008), most people are unaware that when they
are speaking, it is just a replay of something they have been
taught to think as right or wrong, healthy or unhealthy. How-
ever, many people do not know that it is important to have the
ability to listen to what another person is saying. Linda (2010)
corroborated this when she indicated that listening to and fo-
cusing on what another person says can eliminate ambiguities
and avoid miscommunication of potential disagreements.
According to Deborah (2002) lack of communication among
couples adversely affects the whole personality of the couples
including their personal, professional and social life. When
couples are unable to communicate, a huge gap opens and stops
the flow of that life giving water that was supposed to nourish
and make it grow (Schramm, 1954). It causes everything
around the marriage to suffer and tension deepens. Lack of
communication in marriage can make couples feel lonely, iso-
lated and in such a situation, such couples tend to withdraw
from social activities and are emotionally vulnerable. In recent
times, lack of communication among couples has contributed
immensely in the divorce rate in countries like USA, Europe,
South-Africa and Nigeria (Harold, 2002). Many couples are
unable to reach a level of understanding and therefore issues are
left unresolved and tension deepens, leading to lack of under-
standing and respect. Ultimately, lack of communication may
lead couples to dissolve the relationship for lack of knowing
how to fix the problems.
Effective communication is the glue that holds the relation-
ship among married couples together. An effective communi-
cator should consider the culture of the recipient and adapt to it.
Men and women don’t communicate the same way (Debora,
1985). Studies have shown that there are differences in brain
patterns between men and women which affect their ability to
communicate and interpret information with each other. The
culture in question is not tradition but patterns and approaches
for which every sex understands and communicates. According
to clinical psychologist Dr. Larry Nadig, communication is
successful between two people when the message is correctly
sent and received with no misunderstanding. Communication is
a complex process and it is sometimes difficult to achieve ef-
fective communication because many things can interfere with
the process of communication and causes distortions in the
message (Mbazu, 2009). Deborah (2002) maintained that mar-
riage with good communication does not only seem to last
longer, but that the couples involved in such relationship are
happier than people stuck in unhealthy and non-communicating
relationship. This implies that effective communication has
good effects on couples who make use of it properly.
For communication to be effective, it must be a two way
process in which the receiver of the original message responds
or reacts to the message. In the same vein, Appley in Emenike
(1997) argued that for effective communication to take place,
the mastery of basic communication processes must involve the
following steps:

C. IYIANI, C. NGWU
 Clarifying the idea of problem.
 Participate in developing a solution to the problem.
 Motivating others to take action agreed upon.
 Measuring the effectiveness of communication.
Communication Strategies among Married
Couples
A marriage can stand or fall on the basis of how well the
couples can communicate with each other. Committed couples
care about and consistently work at the quality of their rela-
tionship (Eboni & Deborah, 2010). Couples who have healthy
marriages, love and respect each other and use many factors
that are important in the success of a marriage. The ability to
communicate with each other has been adjudged the best in
marriage relationship. Despite the difficulties couples may ex-
perience, those who can communicate clearly with each other
have a much better chance of overcoming problems and staying
together.
Effective communication can keep marriages together even
in the most difficult times. One can conclude that the most im-
portant element of a successful marriage should be the couples’
ability to communicate with each other. Gottman and Levenson
(1988) have offered specific couple communication patterns
that contributed immensely to satisfactory couple relationship,
with specific focus on the close personal relationship of mar-
riage. According to Joyce (1982), there are many strategies
used to develop healthier communication patterns in marriage.
Some of the strategies include:
Firstly, finding time to talk—According to Eboni and Deb-
orah (2010), taking time to listen keeps the lines of communi-
cation open and improves marriage relationship. Couples need
to take time to talk about their reactions and how they are per-
ceived so they can develop a better understanding of each oth-
er’s subtleties and nuances. Without sufficient time together, it
is not possible to learn to communicate well with each other.
Because time is difficult to come by, one should make a delib-
erate effort to make time for each other. The best way to do this
is to set aside a regular time to talk about what is going on in
ones lives at a moment and devote all attention while at it (Har-
old, 2001).
Secondly, there should be clarity in any couple’s relationship
to avoid confusion and misinterpretation. According to Linda,
(2010) couples need to consider the volume of their voice, their
facial expression, body language and choice of words. For ex-
ample, a couple may be saying something perfectly benign, but
if he/she is shouting and frowning, it may be taken as an attack.
The clearer the couple is, the more chances he will be properly
understood. Many couples assume that their partners know their
needs, feelings and opinions even though they have never actu-
ally been verbalized. This is wrong because the partners need to
state their thoughts as clearly, honestly and positively as possi-
ble.
Thirdly, another step couple can take to avoid misunder-
standing in marriage relationship includes the listener’s focus.
As a listener, there are precautions couple can take to ensure
more effective communication. Couples are more likely to get
the full measure of the speaker’s intent when their focus is
completely on the other person without distractions. An effec-
tive listener asks questions and reserves judgment until he fully
understands what the other person is trying to convey. Eboni
and Deborah (2010) argued that a good listener does more than
just hear words; he interprets emotions, behaviors and responds
appropriately.
Fourthly, to avoid being passive is another good strategy in
marriage relationship. This means that when any of the partners
has a complaint or want to discuss something with the other,
he/she should not cross arms or turn to walk out on or from
each other. Robin Fields (2001) suggests that it is better to take
a deep breath and calm down, no matter how uncomfortable a
spouse makes one or the subject of discussion or if any conflict
tends to make one nervous. Linda (2010) Opines that both
speakers and listeners must pay attention to body language
signals to achieve effective communication. Listeners should
watch for inconsistencies in the words being spoken and the
body language displayed. For example, if a partner says she is
happy with a decision but she is clenching her fists and pacing,
she may not be telling the truth.
There are many communication strategies among married
couples which could not be exhausted in this article. Neverthe-
less, one can pin down the strategies into two major types of
communication—verbal and non-verbal communication. Most
part of individual communication or interactions are hidden in
the non-verbal communication strategy. So couples should
observe and embark on understanding both the non-verbal and
verbal interactions between each other.
Methods
A survey was conducted to examine the societal perception
of communication strategies among married couples in Nsukka,
South Eastern, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed
in the study where societal perception of communication strate-
gies among married couples was measured based on a—20
variable responses. The chi-square (X2) test of association was
used to test for the association of variables in the study. The
sample for this study consisted of 197 married couples (53%
females and 47% males) selected through cluster and simple
random sampling methods from the three autonomous commu-
nities that make up Nsukka Town. Namely Nkpunanor, Nru and
Ihe/Owerre.
Cluster sampling was applied to select the autonomous
communities within the town and simple random sampling was
applied to select respondents from the villages. Analysis was
therefore based on the responses of 197 respondents. All the
respondents were married couples and the majority of them are
from Nsukka senatorial zone of Enugu State.
The assistance and co-operation of the three traditional rulers
in each of the autonomous communities was sought and ob-
tained in order to mobilize the participants in their domain.
However, assurances on the confidentiality of the data gener-
ated in the study were made to participants who were skeptical
about the results and consequences of their participation in the
study.
A structured questionnaire on knowledge of effective com-
munication and strategies that can improve marital relationship
among couples was used for the collection of data. The first
part of the questionnaire solicited personal descriptive informa-
tion from the respondents. The purpose of the questionnaire
was to assess the societal perception of communication strate-
gies among married couples in Nsukka urban area.
The questionnaires were administered only to the married
couples (both old and young) especially those who showed
readiness to participate in the study, only 197 questionnaires
402

C. IYIANI, C. NGWU
out of 200 were found to be duly completed and these were
subjected to analysis. The data collected was processed and
analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences
(SPSS).
A descriptive of statistical packages for social sciences was
used. The first part of analysis was done using socio-demo-
graphic characteristics of respondents such as sex, age, educa-
tion and marital status. The second part of the analysis was
done using frequency, simple percentages and chi-square to test
the variables used in the study.
Results: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.
The study reveals that most of the respondents fall within the
age bracket of 30 - 35 years in this category, 20% and 13%
were males and females respectively. The findings show that
out of the younger respondents (18 - 35 years) 44.5% were
males and 35.5% were females. In Table 1 above, the findings
of the educational qualifications of the respondents show that
most of the respondents (39.6%) fall within the range of those
who posses diploma degree certificates. Out of this number,
about 24% and 16% of the respondents were males and females
respectively. For those who completed their secondary educa-
tion, 16% and 13% were males and females respectively.
The study also revealed that 15% of the male and 9% of the
female respondents were civil servants. 42.1% of the respon-
dents were engaged in different occupational activities where
about 22% of them were males and 20% (females).
The above Table 2 shows the sex of respondents and their
level of awareness of communication strategies. The study
investigated the respondents’ perception of communication
strategies among couples in Nsukka Town of Enugu State. The
Table 1.
Percentage distribution of respondents by background information.
Age of respondents and sex crosstab
Sex
Age range Male Female Total
18 - 23 5 (2.5%) 13 (6.6%) 18 (9.1%)
24 - 29 23 (11.7%) 31 (15.7%) 54 (27.4%)
30 - 35 40 (20.3%) 26 (13.2%) 66 (33.5%)
36 and above 37 (18.8%) 22 (11.2%) 59 (29.9%)
Total 105 (53.3%) 92 (46.7%) 197 (100%
Educational
attainment Male Female Total
Primary
completed 8 (4.1%) 12 (6.1%) 20 (10.2%)
Secondary
completed 32 (16.2%) 26 (13.2%) 58 (29.4%)
Secondary
uncompleted 18 (9.1%) 23 (11.7%) 41 (20.8%)
Diploma/degree 47 (23.9%) 31 (15.7%) 78 (39.6%)
Total 105 (53.3%) 92 (46.7%) 197 (100%)
Occupation of
respondents Male Female Total
Civil servant 30 (15.2%) 17 (8.6%) 47 (23.%)
Trader 21 (10.7%) 26 (13.2%) 47 (23.9%)
Students 11 (5.6%) 9 (4.6%) 20 (10.2%)
Others 43 (21.8%) 40 (20.3%) 197 (100.00%)
Total 105 (53.3%) 92 (46.7%) 197 (100.00%)
findings revealed that 78.2% of the respondents were aware of
the communication strategies among couples. In disaggregating
the data by sex, the study showed that about 47% of the male
respondents were aware of the communication strategies among
couples as against their female counter parts (31.5%). The high
response among the males in this study could be attributed to
their high educational attainment and patriarchal system in
Nsukka town.
Gender has always been regarded as an important determi-
nant of reactions, opinions and attitudes towards the knowledge
or understanding of certain issues in the society. The Table 3
above sought to know the difference between the male and
female understanding of effective communication. The results,
however, showed that 26% of male and 15% of female respon-
dents were able to explain effective communication as being
able to express oneself while 16% of male and 22% of female
respondents explained it as possessing of speaking/Listening
skills.
Table 3 examined the relationship between age of respon-
dents and the importance of effective communication among
couples. The younger group comprised of those respondents
whose age bracket falls within 18 - 35 years whereas the older
group comprised of those respondents who were 36 years and
above. Findings showed that more of the younger respondents
(70.1%) had the knowledge that effective communication can
improve marital relationship than the older respondents (29.9%).
Table 2.
Sex of respondents and awareness of communication strategies.
Response
Sex Yes No Total
Male 92 (46.7%) 13 (6.6%) 105 (53.3%)
Female62 (31.5%) 30 (15.2%) 92 (46.7%)
Total 154 (78.2%) 43 (21.8%) 197 (100%)
Table 3.
Sex of respondents and meaning of effective communication.
Sex
Response Male Female Total
Mutual understanding 10 (5.1%) 17 (8.6%) 27 (13.1%)
Possession of listening skills31 (15.7%) 45 (22.8%) 76 (38.6%)
Ability to express oneself52 (26.4%) 30 (15.2%) 82 (41.6%)
Don’t know 12 (6.1%) 0 (0.0%) 12 (6.1%)
Total 105 (53.3%) 92 (46.7%) 197 (100.00%)
Table 4.
Age of respondents and importance of effective communication.
Response
Age rangeYes No Total
18 - 23 15 (7.6%) 3 (1.5%) 18 (9.1%)
24 - 29 36 (18.3%) 18 (9.1%) 54 (27.4%)
30 - 35 59 (29.9%) 7 (3.6%) 66 (33.5%)
36 & above46 (23.4%) 13 (6.6%) 59 (29.9%)
Total 156 (79.2%) 41 (20.8%) 197 (100.00%)

C. IYIANI, C. NGWU
The reason for this result may be that the younger respondents
fall within the higher educational qualification groups and
should be eager to learn about new information more than the
older respondents. This group could be more knowledgeable
about the importance of effective communication among cou-
ples because of their inquisitiveness to utilize information
which has been shown to depend on the needs, skills and atti-
tudes of individuals.
The Table 5 below examined the relationship between the
age of respondents and the perceived influence of culture on
effective communication strategies among couples. An impor-
tant finding from this study is that most of the male respondents
(41%) agreed that culture has an influence on couple’s effective
communication as against their female counter parts (11.2%).
This shows that male respondents are more knowledgeable
about the influence of culture on effective communication than
the female respondents.
The study showed that most respondents (36.5%) within the
high educational level bracket agreed that education can affect
the effectiveness of communication pattern among couples.
Perception Measures
Results from the study showed that majority of the respon-
dents (78.2%) were aware of the effective communication
strategies among couples in Nsukka town of Enugu state and
only 21.8% the respondents said that they were not aware of
effective communication strategies. About 47% of the male
respondents were aware of the communication strategies among
couples as against their female counter parts (31.5%).
The study findings also indicated that greater proportion of
the respondents (41.6%) were able to explain effective commu-
nication as being able to express oneself while 38.6% of them
understood the “phrase” as possessing of speaking/listening
skills. 13.7% of the respondents understood effective commu-
nication as couple’s mutual understanding and only 6.1% said
that they have no idea of what the effective communication
means. The results, however, showed that 26% of male and
15% of female respondents were able to explain effective
communication as being able to express oneself while 16% of
male and 22% of female respondents explained it as possessing
of speaking/Listening skills. The responses above showed that
most of the respondents had a considerable knowledge of effec-
tive communication. This knowledge can lead the couples to
develop a better understanding of each other’s side of life.
When asked whether effective communication can improve
marital relationship the observation in the Table 6 below
showed that the greatest percentage of the sample population
(79.2%) was of the opinion that effective communication can
improve marital relationship. Findings showed that more of the
younger respondents (70.1%) had the knowledge that effective
Table 5.
Sex of respondents and influence of culture on effective communica-
tion.
Sex
Cultural influence Male Female Total
Yes 81 (41.1%) 23 (11.2%) 104 (52.3%)
No 24 (12.4%) 69 (35.5%) 93 (47.7%)
Total 105 (53.3%) 92 (46.7%) 197 (100.00%)
communication can improve marital relationship than the older
respondents (29.9%). Bruce (2000) corroborated this view and
indicated that effective communication is the glue that holds the
relationship among married couples together. The author main-
tained that developing effective communication strategy that
will improve relationship among married couples should be a
priority for every one.
The study also found that majority of the respondents (54.2%)
believed that place of residence had no influence on couple’s
communication strategies. The reason residence should not
have influence on couples’ communication strategies could be
cultural. This is because the patterns of attitude and behavior
set by different cultures may vary greatly. When the influence
of culture on effective communication among couples was
sought, the findings showed that above 50% of the respondents
agreed that culture has an influence on couples’ effective
communication while about 47% of the respondents were of the
opinion that culture has no influence on effective communica-
tion among couples. 41% of the male respondents agreed that
culture has an influence on couples effective communication as
against their female counter parts (11.2%).
The results showed that almost two-third of the sample pop-
ulation were of the opinion that education can affect the effec-
tiveness of communication pattern among couples. Education is
a powerful instrument of change. It provides opportunities for
couples to improve on their marital relationship and have the
chances of staying together for longer period. Educated couples
are more likely to use effective communication strategies than
couples who are not educated (P ≤ .001). The study showed
that most respondents (36.5%) within the high educational level
bracket agreed that education can affect the effectiveness of
communication pattern among couples.
Finally, the study revealed that 20.5% and 30.6% of the re-
spondents were able to identify that finding time to talk and
making clear statements can minimize misunderstanding re-
spectively in marriage relationship. This has shown that the
couples’ perception on communication strategies in Nsukka
town is not yet “uhuru” or a success story, because much is still
desired to be done. This is evidenced in the Table 6 above
which indicated that almost half of the respondents could not
identify the styles or steps couples can take to reduce the con-
flict or misunderstanding among couples.
Discussion
The central issue of this research was to examine the societal
perception of communication strategies among couples in
Nsukka Town. From the findings, we found out that majority of
the respondents in this study had a considerable knowledge of
communication strategies among married couples. For instance,
Table 6.
Level of education and perception of communication pattern by cou-
ples.
Educational influence
Level of educationInfluence comm. Do not influence Total
Low education 7 (3.6%) 13 (6.6%) 20 (10.1%)
Medium education63 (32%) 36 (18.3%) 99 (50.3%)
High education 72 (36.5%) 6 (3%) 78 (39.6%)
Total 142 (72.1%) 55 (27.9%) 197 (100.00%)
404

C. IYIANI, C. NGWU
41.6% and 38.6% of the respondents were able to identify the
meaning of effective communication in marriage relationship as
ability to express oneself and possession of listening/speaking
skills respectively. Therefore, it does appear that many of these
married couples have learnt that marriage can stand or fall on
the basis of how well the couple can communicate with each
other. Despite the difficulties that couples experience, those
who can communicate clearly with each other have a much
better chance of overcoming problems and staying together. In
Nigeria, many marriages have failed because of lack of knowl-
edge on communication strategies. Couple may have every
thing going for them but they are likely to fail because of poor
communication which causes conflict, misunderstanding, hurt
and resentment among couples.
The high percentage response on the awareness of effective
communication strategies among couples means that couples
are conscious of their non-verbal and verbal communication
patterns and this should be a sure road to successful relationship
between them. Then, one can conclude that the awareness of
communication strategies by the couples could be attributed to
the fact that the study area was located right inside the univer-
sity town of Nsukka where most of the respondents reside in
urban and are literate who are exposed to communication styles
through the media, radio or television.
The study also noted that education is paramount in commu-
nication strategies among married couples in Nigeria. This is
because it affects the effectiveness of communication pattern in
marriage relationship. However, majority of the respondents
were of the view that education is a key to effective communi-
cation. The study indicated that educated couples communicate
more effectively than the uneducated couples. This shows that
education plays a pivotal role in improving marital relationship.
From the analysis of data, it can be noted that education is a
viable instrument in bringing about positive changes in the
pattern of life of married couples.
Another major finding in this study is the issue of financial
influence on effective communication among couples. In fur-
ther analysis of data, it was observed that majority of the re-
spondents did not support the idea that financial influence can
affect effective communication among couples in Nsukka town
of Enugu State. In support of this response, a research work
carried out by Tess Thompson in 2009 showed that couples
may have all the money they need, lovely children, beautiful
homes, successful careers, supportive families—every thing
that they need and because of poor communication skills, their
marriage is failing. This simply means that whether one is rich
or poor, the ability to communicate with each other is the best
option among others. Both the rich and poor couples need to
communicate clearly with each other so as to have a better
chance of overcoming family problems. Therefore, mastering
communication skills or strategies is not meant for a particular
group of people, it is for every couple who wants a healthy and
a successful marriage life.
The study also showed that culture has an influence on effec-
tive communication among couples in Nsukka Town. The issue
of culture and its effects on communication among couples
especially in a traditional setting like Nsukka cannot be over-
emphasized. Culture is a significant factor in determining how
modes of expression are developed and used in both form and
meaning. For instance, eye contact initiated by a married
woman in Nsukka area has a high cultural connotation. In many
communities around Nsukka Town, such women are regarded
as loose, wayward and promiscuous person. In this case, there
is probably no aspect of expression that does not have its cul-
tural determinants and because the patterns of attitude and be-
haviors set by different cultures may vary greatly, they fre-
quently constitute significant barriers to valid communication
(Naomi, 1998). For example, passivity of married women in
Nsukka area is regarded as a mark of respect to the husband.
Women learn this, during socialization processes—parents
make comments about marriage institution and particularly
comments regarding communication between husbands and
wives where they tutor their young girls not to challenge or
argue with their husbands and not to talk whenever the man is
talking. The reason is that the man or husband is the head and
provides for the family. Children take the opinion of these fig-
ures of authority in their lives as doctrine. They always accept
them as the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Later in their
marriage life, these comments tend to favor some of them and
to others, the comments have wizardry effects on them and as
such could cause misunderstanding in the marriage relationship,
because they want to adhere strictly to what they learnt from
parents.
Nevertheless, this passivity of women can pose a serious
problem especially when the couples are from different cultural
background. Therefore, passivity of women in couples’ com-
munication is not as a result of timidity or lack of awareness but
could be a people’s culture which at-times may require knowl-
edgeable interpretation. Studies have shown that many people
are shocked to realize how their marriages resemble the mar-
riages of their parents. It is very true that people learn how to be
husbands and wives by watching the way their parents treat
each other. This then becomes part of subconscious approach to
partners when they are adults—even when they don’t believe in
it intellectually (Tess, 2009).
Finally, the results from the study showed that almost half of
the married couples were unable to identify the steps couples
take to reduce misunderstanding in marriage relationship. There
are some mistakes couples make in their marriage life and to
redress this, they need to know certain communication styles
that can minimize misunderstanding or problems which cause
difficulties in relationships. Couples who have poor communi-
cation skills often get stuck at a certain level in their career.
Therefore, it is important for couples to try to understand each
other’s communication styles and respond accordingly. In sup-
port of this assertion, Eboni and Deborah, (2010) argued that to
accomplish this, couple should realize that there are no secrets
to communication, but one can get better with practice, practice,
practice.
Conclusion
This research attempted to ascertain the societal perception
of communication strategies among married couples in Nsukka
town. Findings from the present study suggest that whereas
married couples in Nsukka town know that effective communi-
cation can improve marital relationship, many of them failed to
identify the steps couples take to reduce the problems of mar-
riage relationships. This does not augur well for the country as
a whole and married couples in particular. This is because with-
out the knowledge of certain communication styles, there will
be no successful marriage. Couples are therefore, encouraged to
master these communication strategies so as to avoid conflict,
misunderstanding, hurt and resentment in marriage life.

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406
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