ABSTRACT

The present paper concentrates on the study of reflection and refraction phenomena of waves in pyroelectric and piezoelectric media under initial stresses and two relaxation times influence by apply suitable conditions. The generalized theories of linear piezo-thermoelasticity have been employed to investigate the problem. In two-dimensional model of transversely isotropic piezothermoelastic medium, there are four types of plane waves quasi-longitudinal (qP), quasitransverse (qSV), thermal wave (T-mode), and potential electric waves (φ-mode) The amplitude ratios of reflection and refraction waves have been obtained. Finally, the results in each case are presented graphically.

1. Introduction

Piezoelectricity is the phenomenon of electricity produced by the squeezing or stretching of certain materials. The propagation of waves in piezoelectric materials is one of the richest fields for scientists because it has many applications in piezoelectric: filters, resonators, transducers, sensors and other devices. This kind of devices represent a great challenge in the industry, and as a result it has been an object of different investigations in the last decades, because these devices are to operate under various piezoelectric-thermo-mechanical conditions over a broad spectrum, in view of its importance to industry applications. The theory of thermo-piezoelectricity was first proposed by Mindlin [1]. The physical laws for the thermo-piezoelectric materials have been explored by Nowacki [2,3]. Chandrasekharaiah [4] developed the generalized theory of thermo-piezoelectricity by taking in account the finite speed of propagation of thermal disturbances. Sharma and Kumar [5] studied plane harmonic waves in piezothermoelastic materials. The propagation of Rayleigh waves in generalized piezothermoelastic half space is investigated by Sharma and Walia [6].

Deresiewicz [7] studied the reflection of plane waves from a plane stress free boundary in coupled theory of thermoelasticity and investigated the effect of boundaries on the waves. Generalized theories of thermoelasticity were introduced in order to eliminate the shortcomings of the classical dynamic thermoelasticity. A flux rate term into Fourier law of heat conduction is incorporated by Lord and Shulman [8], which includes a hyperbolic heat transport equation admitting finite speed, though large for thermal signals. Green and Lindsay [9], by including temperature-rate among the constitutive variables, developed a temperature-rate-dependent thermo-elasticity that does not violate the classical Fourier law of heat conduction for bodies having center of symmetry. Many authors concentrate in studying the reflection and refraction waves in thermoelastic media, like Sinha and Sinha [10], Sharma [11], Sinha and Elsibai [12,13], Abd-Alla and Al-Dawy [14], Sharma et al. [15]. The reflection of piezothermoelastic waves from the stress free, thermally insulated or isothermal, open circuit boundary of transversely isotropic piezothermo-elastic half space under the influence of thermal relaxation have been discussed by Sharma et al. [16], they proved that the amplitude coefficients of waves are related to the positions on the interface. Kuang and Yuan [17] studied the reflection and transmission theories of homogeneous and inhomogeneous waves in pyroelectric and piezoelectric medium. Abd-alla et al. [18,19] studied the reflection and refraction phenomena in piezoelectric media under initial stresses. In this paper, the reflection and refraction problem from the interface of the piezothermoelastic materials under initial stresses influence in the context of Green and Lindsay theory are studied in details and numerical results are given. In two dimensional reflection and refraction problem there is only one incident quasi-Longitudinal wave, so there are four modes of thermo elastic and potential waves.

2. Governing Equations of Generalized Piezothermoelastic of Hexagonal Type

Consider a homogeneous, anisotropic, generalized piezothermoelastic medium of hexagonal type. The origin is taken on the thermoelasticity and stress-free plane surface and z-axis is directed normally into the half-space which is represented by. Let the wave motion in this medium be characterized by: the displacement vector , the electric potential function, all these quantities being dependent only on the variables x, z, t. (see Figure 1).

The governing field equations of generalized hexagonal piezothermoelastic for two dimensional motion in the plane are [5]:

•  The coupled constitutive relations can be written in the forms:

(1)

•  The strain-displacement relation and the electric field according to the quasi-static approximation have the forms as:

(2)

•  The equations of motion under initial stress, Gauss’s divergence equation, and heat conduction can be written as (3).

where;, , and are the mechanical displacement, electric potential and absolute temperature, respectively;, and are the strain, stress and thermal elastic coupling tensors, respectively;, are the electric field and electric displacement, respectively; is the elastic parameters tensor;, and are the piezoelectric, dielectricpyroelectric moduli, respectively; is the relaxation time; and are the initial stress tensor and mass density, respectively; are the heat conduction tensor, reference temperature, Kronecker delta, specific heat at constant strain, respectively. The constitutive relations (1) of the hexagonal (6 mm) crystals symmetry given by

(4)

(5)

Substituting Equations (4)-(5) into Equation (3), we get (6).

3. Solution of the Problem for Incident qP-Wave

We will consider a transversely isotropic piezoelectric half space (see Figure 1). The lower medium and upper medium occupy the spaces and respectively. The x-axis is taken along the interface and the z-axis is directed vertically downwards. For the oblique incidence of the lower plane quasi-longitudinal (qP) wave from the piezothermoelastic medium at the interface z = 0, all kinds of scattered waves are depicted in Figure 1. The reflection and refraction wave fields consist of the reflected quasi-longitudinal (qP), quasi-transverse (qSV) waves and refracted (qP) and (qSV) waves, electric potential (), and heat (T) waves. For the pre-

(6)

sent hexagonal crystals (transversely isotropic materials), we will consider the motion in the plane (plane). According to Achenbach [20] the solution of Equations (6) written as

(7)

where

where n = 0 represent the incidence of qP wave, n = 1, 2, represent the reflected waves, n = 3, 4 represent the refracted waves.

4. Continuous Conditions on the Interface of Piezothermoelastic Materials

Consider the problem of two bounded semi-infinite pie-- zothermoelastic materials with the interface z = 0 subjected to a harmonic incident wave of frequency ω with an incident angle as shown in Figure 1. The continuous conditions on the interface are:

1) The free mechanical boundary conditions:

(8)

2) The electrical condition:

(9)

3) The thermal condition:

(10)

Substituting Equations (2), (4), and (7) into Equations (8)-(10), we obtain the following set of equations:

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

where

Equations (11)-(14) must be valid for all values of t and x, hence

(15)

From the above relations, we get

(16)

Furthermore, we should now use the equations of motion of the media, i.e., Equation which will give us additional relations between amplitudes.

(17)

where.

So, substituting from Equation (7) (when z = 0) into Equation (17) for the incident (qP) wave, the reflected and refracted waves, we get

(18)

where

By using Equation (7) into Equation, we get

(19)

where

By using Equation (7) into Equation, we get

(20)

where

From Equations (11)-(14), it is easy to see that

(21)

where

Solving Equation (21), we can determine the reflection and refraction coefficients as:

(22)

where

By using Equations (18)-(20) we get:

(23)

5. Numerical Results and Discussion

The material chosen for the purpose of numerical calculations is (6 mm class) Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) for upper medium and Lead Zirconate Titanate ceramics (PZT-5A) for lower medium, which are transversely isotropic materials. The physical data for a single crystal of CdSe material and PZT-5A ceramics are given as [6,21]:

Here the thermal relaxation time is estimated its value about and is taken proportional to. The variations of phase velocities computed from

where

The real and imaginary values of the amplitude ratios corresponds to qP, qSV, T, -mode for incident qP wave are computed for various angle of incidence (in degrees) under various of initial stresses, in the context of Green and Lindsay theory (G-L) of generalized thermoelasticity [9] where

.

The reflection and refraction coefficients have been presented on curves in Figures 2-21 which have the following observations:

•  Figure 2 represents the relation between the imaginary and real parts of reflection coefficient and angle of incidence, we also observe that the relaxation time effect appears only in the range.

•  Figure 3 represents the relation between the imaginary and real part of the reflection coefficient with the angle of incidence, as well as the relaxation time effect.

•  Figure 4 represents the relation between the imaginary and real of refraction coefficient with the angle of incidence, as well as the relaxation time effect, in those Figures we noted the values decreases with increase gradually until it reaches the minimum value when, also the relaxation time related by inverse relation with , and the positive relation with.

•  Figure 5 represents the relation between the imaginary and real of refraction coefficient with, as well as the relaxation time effect, in those figures we noted increases with the value of increase gradually until it reaches the maximum value when, and then decreasing Its value in the following period, while decreasing Its value in, with increasing until it reaches the minimum value when It is clear

from the figures that the effect caused by the relaxation time on  is very slight.

• Figures 6-8 represent the relation between the electric potential coefficients with the angle of incidence, as well as the relaxation time effect.

• Figures 9-11 represent the relation between the thermal coefficients with the angle of incidence , as well as the relaxation time effect.

• Figures 12-21 show the initial stress effect on relative reflection and refraction, thermal, and electric potential coefficients when , In the period that shows the initial stress effect, we note that inverse relationship between the initial stress and reflection coefficients (and ) and the opposite what happens with the relative refraction coefficients (and).

• Equations (22)-(23) show the existence proportionality relations between the reflection coefficients of the quasi-longitudinal wave falling and reflection coefficients at the fall of the other two types of waves (T-mode), (-mode). The constants of proportionality for these relations are functions of angle of incidence, relaxation times, and piezoelectric.

•  It can get some previous studies as a special case through neglect the thermal effects and the relaxation times as [18].

REFERENCES