ABSTRACT

Setting: Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of Congo, has the high rate of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) which is associated with poor treatment outcomes until 2013. A new approach was needed. Objectives: To implement a new strategy in order to improve treatment outcomes. Design: A retrospective cohort study reviewing all the patients diagnosed MDR Tuberculosis between 2014 and 2017. The study was conducted in the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) framework comparing the short regimen and the WHO standard regimen. Results: From 1246 patients diagnosed RR/TB, 1073 were included in the analysis: 948 on shorter regimen, and 125 on WHO standard regimen. The strategy was based on patient-centered care. In the short regimen group, 62.7% were male, 61.4% were age 25 - 44 years, 52.6% had previous history of TB, 39.3% underweight, 12.5% HIV positive. The median time from diagnosis to treatment was 19 days (0 - 163). In the long regimen group, 75% were male, 37.6% were age 14 - 44 years, 61.6% underweight, 18.4% HIV positive. The median time from diagnosis to treatment was 19 days (0 - 114). Favorable outcomes represented 81.9% in the short regimen group versus 72% in the long regimen group. Death and loss to follow-up were more observed in long regimen group (27.2% versus 15.4%). Factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in the short regimen group included sex, age ≥ 45 years, previous TB history, HIV status, delay to begin treatment. For the long regimen, the factors age and delay emerged, underweight and HIV were borderline. Drug adverse events were reported respectively in 43.5% and 42.4% for short and long regimen; with gastrointestinal disturbances, vestibular troubles, ototoxicity, arthralgia and anemia as the most common in the 2 groups. Conclusion: The new approach improved favorable outcomes. Both short and long regimens reached a high level of favorable outcome compared to the previous study. The short regimen, well supervised seems to be superior to the long regimen in term of Death rate and loss to follow up (LTFU).

Keywords:

MDR-TB, Short Regimen, Patient, Centered Card

1. Introduction

Despite overall progress in global Tuberculosis (TB) control from 1998, the emerging of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/TB), defined as where the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin [1] [2], represents a threat for the end of the worldwide epidemic by 2030 [3] [4] [5] [6]. All countries are concerned [1] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]. Among the 30 countries heavily affected, we can find: India, China, Russian Federation, Philippines, Pakistan, Brazil, South Africa and Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) [1]. Another category in which additional resistant to second line injectable drugs (SLID), e.g. amikacin, capreomycin, kanamycin and quinolone is called extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) [1]. Treatment of MDR-TB is expensive; drugs are difficult to obtain, and have many adverse events. Favorable outcomes remain poor [6] [10] [12] - [20].

In DR Congo, National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) applies WHO guidelines from 2006 for MDR/TB management. A cohort study conducted in Kinshasa, from 2009 to 2012, revealed a poor therapeutic success (cured + treatment completed) about 36% (20), meanwhile this was reported to be about 48% and 54% by other studies [1] [6] [21] [22]. The low performance can be attributed to many factors: delay in diagnosis and treatment, lack of treatment adherence, drugs adverse events, long duration of treatment, overloaded health services [1] [6] [22]. Some good results have been reported in Cameroon [23], Niger [24], and Bangladesh [25] [26] with shorter regimens of 9 - 12 months. Trébucq A. et al. qualified this as “a decade of evidence” [27]. That is why we decided to reform drug resistant TB management in Kinshasa and to introduce the short regimen for eligible patients from 2014 [4] [27]. Kinshasa, DR Congo capital, contributes to 35% of the all country MDB/TB (28).

2. Methods

Study population:

This is a retrospective cohort study. It analyses all patients diagnosed with rifampicin resistance (RR) by genotypic method (Xpert® MTB/RIF, Cepleid, USA) in different health centers for the period 2014-2017. Samples from the health centers have been subjected to the Line Probe Assay (LPA-MDR DR plus-sl or Hain-test) to test other drugs (Isoniazid, Fluoroquinolone, Second Line injectable drugs) and thus exclude XDR-TB. All samples have been also sent for performing Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture. It was not possible to do drug sensitivity test (DST) for all the anti-tuberculosis drugs. We excluded for analysis: patients without LPA or culture results, with severe hearing loss, rifampicine sensitive on LPA or culture, SLID and fluoroquinolone resistant (Figure 1). Eligible patients received short or long regimen according to the established criteria.

Short regimen criteria:

Includable patients had to commit themselves not to change residential address for the duration of treatment and to sign a consent form. Patient known to have previously been treated with second line drugs, to have resistance to fluoroquinolone (FQ) or any second-line injectable drug (SLID), pregnant women, patients with known intolerance to a study drug, or with a pretreatment electrocardiogram (ECG) showing QT interval > 500 ms, were not eligible. In this study, patients under 18 years old were included.

Long regimen criteria:

All the patients excluded from the short regimen received long regimen according NTP and WHO guidelines [12] or individualized regimen. The patients who received individualized regimen were excluded for analysis.

Treatment regimens:

For the short regimen, we used the one selected for the 9 African French speaking countries study [22]. The intensive phase consisted of moxifloxacin (MFX), Ethambutol (EMB), high-dose isoniazid (INHh), pyrazimanide (PZA) and Prothionamide (PTO) given daily for 4 months. If the sputum smear examination was still positive at 4 months, the intensive phase was extended by a maximum of 2 months. The continuation phase consisted of normal dose MFX, EMB, PZA and CFZ given daily for a fixed 5-monthsperiod. Drug dosages are those recommended by WHO [12]. So regimen can be summarized as: 4 - 6 (Km, CFZ, MFX, EMB, INHh, PZA, PTO) + 5 (MFX, EMB, PZA, CFZ). For the long regimen, we use the standard WHO 20 months one [12].

Patients management:

Treatment was daily and directly observed by a nurse and a community health worker throughout the entire duration. Ambulatory treatment was given from the onset expect emergencies. Specifically prepared cards facilitated recording of patient characteristics, clinical controls, test results, adverse events and follow-up of drug intake.

Adverse events, including biological abnormalities detected, were recorded monthly and graded using the ANRS (Agence Nationale de Recherchesur le SIDA) score [29], which includes 4 grades ranking from grade 1 (mild) to grade 4 (severe, life-threatening). Bacteriological follow-up (sputum smear, culture) was monthly realized until 9^th month, then at 12, 15, 20 months for the long regimen and 6 months after the treatment completion for all the patients [30]. Other tests realized at the beginning and according a planning during treatment were: hemoglobin, white cells count, serum creatinine, lives enzymes (aminotransferases), potassium, HIV test, ECG, pregnancy test for young women, audiometry (to screen hearing loss) [22]. QT interval was corrected by Fridericia formula [12]. Hearing loss was checked as previously described [22].

Definitions:

For outcomes, we used the WHO treatment outcomes definitions except for “cured” and “treatment failure” because of the short treatment duration [22] [31].

• Cured: treatment completed without evidence of failure and three or more consecutive negative cultures taken at least 30 days apart;

• Treatment failed: treatment terminated due to a positive culture after 6 months of treatment (except when preceded by 1 negative and followed by at least 2 negatives cultures and not ever anymore a positive, i.e. “isolated positive culture”.

For patients under long regimen, the definitions remained unchanged [12]. Radiography extent of lesions has been classified according the area concerned [32]. For body mass index, 3 groups were defined: under 18.5 = underweight, 18.5 - 24.9: normal, 25 and over = over weight.

Implementing strategy:

Problems identified by the cohort study 2009-2012 conducted in Kinshasa highlighted the weakness of the system and imposed to change approach by intensifying patient-centered care [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]. The main steps were:

• To select 35 health centers among 144 present in Kinshasa and specialize them in drug resistant TB management, by training nurses and community health workers;

• To give them supply and second line drugs,

• To select a central laboratory for DR/TB follow-up tests,

• To train a staff with a clinical monitor for monthly visits in the health centers selected,

• To procure nutritional assistance and transport money for the control visits,

• To build a specialized center, able to manage DR/TB emergencies and hospitalization: The Damian Excellency Center (Centre d’Excellence Damien or CEDA).

Data managementand analysis:

Data were captured in Excel 2010. Analysis was performed using STATA, version 13 (Statacorp, college station, TX, USA). Difference in time to culture and smear conversion was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards method. We used univariate and multivariate statistics, determining point estimates, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), odd ratio (OR), adjusted add ratio (aoR), p values where appropriate.

Ethics considerations:

The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Public Health School of Kinshasa. The study was organized within the framework of the NTP and treatment was provided free of charge. Patients had to sign consent form. Data were collected anonymously. Failure cases received an individualized treatment according to the DST.

3. Results

During the study period, 1246 patients RR/TB were identified by genotypic method (Xpert® MTB/Rif); 174 (13.9%) were excluded for analysis. From the 1073 remaining, 125 underwent WHO standard regimen and 948 the 9 - 11 months short regimen.

Patients baseline characteristics:

The baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1. Most of patients were male and aged 25 - 44 years in the 2 groups. Over 50% had a previous Tuberculosis history. Nearly two thirds were underweight with a BMI < 18.5 kg/m² in the long regimen group while this was observed only in 39% in the short regimen group (p < 0.01). About 18.4% and 12.5% were HIV positive respectively in long and short regimen group. (p < 0.01).

Time to treatment initiation:

The median time from diagnosis to start of MDR-TB treatment was the same in the two groups (19 days (range 0 - 163) in the short versus 19 (range 0 - 114) in the long regimen group). But 19.2% of patients in the short regimen group vs 7.2% in the long experienced a long delay before starting treatment. This was

mainly due to logistic problems as drugs were not supported in the PNLT. Details are shown in Table 1.

Bacteriological follow-up:

Smear and culture controls presented similar profile (Figure 2 and Figure 3). At 2, 4, 6 month’s controls, negative smear results were respectively 85.0%,

93.1%, 96.7% in the long regimen group and 86.4%, 96.6%, 96.7% in the short regimen group for patients who achieved follow up. About cultures, negative results at the same periods were respectively 83.6%, 88.9% and 90.1% in the long and 87.5%, 91.1%, and 92.0% in the short regimen group. Three patients in the long regimen group and 2 in the short regimen had intensive phase extended because a positive control was identified at the end of the intensive phase. One patient in the short regimen group presented a reversion by 7 month’s control; DST revealed resistance to fluoroquinolone and individualized regimen was prescribed.

Other control tests:

Disturbance in liver enzymes (aminotransferases) were reported in one case of toxic hepatitis, it resolved during treatment. Other tests (serum creatinine, Kalemia) remained in the normal ranges. Some anemia cases were diagnosed and treated. QTc interval variations remained under 500 ms in the 2 groups. Before treatment, mean QTc interval was respectively 423 (range 332 - 495) ms and 425 (range 367 - 475) ms in short and long regimen group. The 4 months control registered 422 (range 328 - 480) and 423 (range 398 - 475) in the short and long regimen group.

Treatment outcomes:

Overall treatment success was 72.0% in long regimen versus 81.9% in short regimen. Of the 28% of patients with unfavorable treatment outcomes in the long regimen group, most were due to death (14.4%) or LTFU (12.8%). Mean while from the 18.1% of unfavorable outcomes in short regimen, only 9.2% were due to death. In bivariate analysis, factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in short regimen group were: male sex (p = 0.05), HIV status (p = 0.001), TB history (0.05), delay of treatment over 30 days (0.001) and radiologic lesions extent with cavities (p = 0.05). In long regimen group, there were three factors: Tb history (p = 0.05), HIV status (limit with p = 0.06), radiologic lesions extent (p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis is summarized in Table 2 and Table 3. In the shot regimen group, 4 factors are shown: male sex, TB history, HIV status, and delay in treatment start. In the long regimen group, age and delay for treatment start are noted.

Adverse events:

In the group on long regimen, 53 (42.4%) patients reported at least on drug adverse events. This was in513 cases (47.0%) in short regimen. Severe adverse events grade 3 - 4 were reported by 9 (8.02%) patients in long regimen and 93 (9.8%) patients in short regimen (p = 0.350). Finds are detailed in Table 4. Most of the effects reported were mild or moderate except a few cases of hearing loss, severe anemia, psychiatric disturbances and skin allergy which remain less frequent. One case of hepatitis was documented in short regimen group. Hearing loss and vestibular disorders remain the important problem to solve in the two groups.

4. Discussion

Starting the new approach, the main challenge was to improve favorable outcomes in MDR/RR TB treatment in Kinshasa. It seemed urgent to extend patient-centered care policy [33] - [39]. All the health centers selected began with a training of health workers and community members [18] [36]. The short regimen used is the same as for the nine African Countries French speaker study [22]. It is different from those used in Bangladesh [25] [26], Niger [24] and Cameroon [23] where gatifloxacin took place of moxifloxacin. This short regimen is also different from that of the STREAM study [21] where Moxifloxacin was given in high dose. However, all the short regimen concerned reached high favorable outcomes rate between 78% and 88%. In our study, favorable outcomes were about 81.9% in the short regimen and 72% in the long. These results were superior to those previously reported in Kinshasa [20]. Short regimen and new approach can explain it. [36].

MDR-TB = multidrug resistant tuberculosis, OR = odd Ratio, CI = confidence interval, aOR = adjusted odd ratio

MDR-TB = multidrug resistant tuberculosis, OR = odd Ratio, CI = confidence interval, aOR = adjusted odd ratio.

(p = 0.350).

Delay observed to start the treatment is still long. This concerned about the third of patients mainly in the short regimen group where corner drugs were not supported by the Global Fund. It can influence the prognosis [40].

Culture conversion by 2 months was 87.5% and 83.6% respectively for short and long regimen. The profile of the 2 regimen showed little difference. This was also reported in other studies [21] [25] [26]. Two patients in the short regimen group and 3 in the long had the intensive phase extended. Between them, only one in the short regimen group was declared failure. The predictive role of culture conversion has been documented [41] [42] [43] [44].

Adverse events reported in this study are less than described in others [21] [22]. But they are similar to those encountered in Cameroon and Niger [23] [24]. This can be due to the system of self-declaration used. It belongs to patients to declare disorder observed and then underestimation can be possible especially for mild effects. A case of toxic hepatitis has been observed but it solved during treatment [21] [22] [26]. Hearing loss was the main adverse event in the two groups; it is reported in many studies [45] [46] [47] [48]. The answer will be possible with new drugs [49] - [56]. The death rate remains high. Most of cases were observed during the first two months. In bivariate analysis, a linkage appeared with sex male, HIV status, TB history, radiologic lesions extent and delay in treatment starting mainly in short regimen group. In multivariate analysis, sex, HIV status, previous TB history and delay in treatment starting expressed high significance in both group but mainly in the short regimen one. Risk factors for unfavorable treatment outcomes among MDR/ TB have largely been discussed [44] [45] [57] [58] [59]. Short regimen seems superior to long in term of death rate and LTFU even if the ECG regular follow up will be useful [60] [61] [62]. The patient-centered care policy is strongly indicated in low income countries. Nutritional support remains essential to enhance adherence.

The death rate remains high. Most of the cases were observed on the onset of the treatment. The risk factors discussed above have been reported in other studies [55] [56] [58].

In this study, there was not QTc interval pathologic change. It was reported as rare by others [59] [60]. Regular ECG control is recommended during treatment [60] [61] [62].

Limitations

The limitations of this study are mainly related to its retrospective nature and the lack of randomization. The bacteriological follow-up was difficult as cultures are not easy to perform in a low income environment. So a lot of patients have been excluded.

5. Conclusion

The new approach improved favorable outcomes. Both short and long regimens reached a high level of favorable outcome compared to the previous study conducted in Kinshasa. The short regimen, well supervised seems to be superior to long regimen in term of Death rate and LTFU. The patient-centered care policy is indicated in low income country. Nutritional support and other measures remain essential to enhance adherence.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they do not have any financial interests pertaining to the information contained in this paper.

Cite this paper

Kashongwe, I.M., Mbulula, L., Mawete, F., Anshambi, N., Maingowa, N., Kaswa, M., Kayembe, J.M.N., Lepira, F.B. and Kashongwe, Z.M. (2020) Implementing a Short Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cohort Study 2014-2017. Journal of Tuberculosis Research, 8, 111-126. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2020.83010

References