ABSTRACT

One of the commercially available capillary-based microfluidic synthesizers is Advion NanoTek Microfluidic Synthesis System and is currently being used across the globe. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the system capability to perform the synthesis of two compounds sequentially without cleaning the equipment between the syntheses. We have chosen to prepare two key radiotracers [F-18]FLT and [F-18]FMISO. The basic microfluidic flow chemistry module was reconfigured to allow the hydrolysis of the second tracer in a vial using reactor 1 as a heat source and the system was integrated to semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with a column selector and solvent selector. The decay corrected radio chemical yields of [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO were found to be 28.5% and 38.6% respectively. The specific activity was determined to be >2 Ci/μmol.

Keywords:

Sequential, Microfluidic, [¹⁸F]FLT, [¹⁸F]FMISO

1. Introduction

The technical advantages of microfluidics include reduced reaction times, increased synthesis yields and decreased amounts of by-products due to the high surface to volume ratio. In addition, automated reaction optimization and reduced consumption of expensive precursors have been reported. The application of microfluidic technology has been pursued in the development of positron emission tomography tracer synthesizers during the past decade [1] - [8] . Since the first report of radiotracer synthesis using hydro-dynamically driven micro-reactor, various microfluidic devices have been described that include both capillary-based microfluidic synthesis platforms [9] [10] [11] and Lab-on-chip devices [12] . One of the commercially available capillary-based microfluidic synthesizers is Advion NanoTek^â Microfluidic Synthesis System. In a typical set-up of this system, it has two reagent modules, a reactor module with four reactor slots and a concentrator module. The isotope is eluted from the ion-exchange cartridge and dried in the concentrator module. The reactants are stored in separate loops in the reagent modules and delivered to micro-channel reactors containing quartz capillary coils of varied lengths. These reactors are efficiently heated up to 220˚C and the reagents are delivered using built-in syringe pumps. There are about 36 of these units being used across the globe and these tracers [¹⁸F]FPEB, 1, [13] , [¹⁸F]FMISO, 2, [14] and [¹⁸F]T-807, 3, [15] (Figure 1) have been synthesized as clinical doses for human studies under cGMP conditions. At most centers there is a demand for sequential preparation of two radiotracers. In order to ascertain the Advion NanoTek^â Synthesis System capability of performing dual back-to-back syntheses without system cleaning in between the syntheses, we wish to report the preparation of two popular radiotracers [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO. This is the first ever reported sequential synthesis of two prominent tracers on a Microfluidic Synthesis Platform.

2. Methods and Results

[¹⁸F]FLT, a thymidine analogue, is used to directly assess the tumor cell proliferation using PET and that does not accumulate in inflammatory processes as seen with [¹⁸F]FDG [15] . [¹⁸F]FLT was synthesized (Figure 2) starting from 3-N-Boc-5’-O-dimethoxytrityl-3’-O-nosylthymidine, 4. Thus the nosylate precursor 4 was converted to 3-N-Boc-5’-O-dimethoxytrityl-3’-[¹⁸F]fluorothymidine, 5, by nucleophilic substitution of nosylate with [¹⁸F]F⁻/k₂₂₂/K₂CO₃ complex [17] . The removal of protecting groups Boc and dimethoxytrityl was carried out by treating 5 with 2 N HCl to obtain [¹⁸F]FLT.

[¹⁸F]FMISO, a 2-nitroimidazole analogue, is used to quantitatively assess hypoxia in tumors for lung, brain and head and neck cancer patients [18] and in the hearts of patients with myocardial ischemia. [¹⁸F]FMISO was synthesized (Figure 3) from 3-(2’-nitro-1’-imidazolyl)-2-O-tetrahydropyranyl-1-O-p-tolue-nesulfonylpropane-1,2-diol, 7 in two steps. The tosylate group from the precursor 7 was nucleophilically displaced with [¹⁸F]F⁻ to obtain THP protected [¹⁸F]FMISO, 8. Deprotection of THP group was accomplished by hydrolysis using 1 N HCl to obtain [¹⁸F]FMISO.

Most radiosynthesis boxes can only prepare one tracer at a time and require full system cleaning prior to a second synthesis. Although radio syntheses are conducted in lead shielded fume hoods, cleaning of the equipment immediately after a first synthesis results in high radiation exposure to an operator. Advion NanoTek Microfluidic Synthesis System was used to successfully prepare both [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO in tandem. In order to achieve this goal, the NanoTek system was modified from the standard system as shown in Figure 4. Concentrator 1, not

shown in Figure 4, was used to dry the isotope. Pump P3 delivered the anhydrous isotope dissolved in acetonitrile to reactors 2 and 3. Pumps P1 and P2 transferred the precursors of FLT 4 and FMISO 7 respectively. Concentrator 2 delivered the reagents to the hydrolysis vials. Additionally, the port E of concentrator 2 was used to transfer the reaction mixture to an HPLC injector. The dotted line indicates the standard fluoride line connected to port C of pump P3.

This line was replaced with the line to DV common to make a switch from the standard mode to sequential mode. Also, P1 port C line from reactor 1 was moved to reactor 2. All of the reactors in the reactor module were shifted one position down in order to free up reactor 1 for hydrolysis block. F-18 labelling was performed in a 100 µm × 2 m reactor using Advion NanoTek Microfluidic Synthesis System controlled by NanoTek LF 1.4 Software. Solvent selector and column selector valves were used to direct the HPLC purification of the desired products. No-carrier-added [¹⁸F]F⁻, produced from recycled [¹⁸O] water, was obtained from PET Net (Knoxville, TN). Thin-layer chromatography visualization was performed with radiation detectors using a BioScan AR-2500 radio-TLC reader and Win Scan 1.3 software. All radio-TLC plates were developed using methanol as the eluent. Crude products were purified by semi-preparative HPLC on PerkinElmer 200 system using a Phenomenex Luna C₁₈ reverse phase column (250 × 10 mm, 10 μ) and an Econosphere reverse phase column (250 × 10 mm, 10 μ) respectively. Analytical radio-HPLC analyses were performed on an Agilent 1200 series instrument by a 254 nm UV detector, Bioscan Photomultplier Raddiation Detector and a Phenomenex Luna C₁₈ column, 5 µ, 4.6 × 250 mm, using 6% ethanol/94% water as the eluent at a flow rate of 1 mL/min.

Cyclotron produced [¹⁸F]fluoride (678 mCi) was trapped onto ORTG ion exchange cartridge to remove [¹⁸O]water and the isotope was eluted with a mixture of kryptofix-K₂CO₃ in CH₃CN:H₂O. The isotope was azeotropically dried with acetonitrile (3 × 100 μL) and the complex [¹⁸F]F-/kryptofix-K₂CO₃ was dissolved in CH₃CN (2 mL). 1 mL each of this solution was used for the synthesis of the two tracers. Optimum conditions for the synthesis of [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO and purification are presented in Table 1.

The results of the sequential synthesis of the two tracers are presented in Table 2.

3. Conclusions

Using Advion NanoTek Microfluidic Synthesis platform, we were able to successfully make both [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO sequentially. The decay corrected radio chemical yields of [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO were found to be 28.5% and 38.6% respectively. The specific activity was determined to be >2 Ci/μmol. The radiochemical purity of [¹⁸F]FLT was >99% and of [¹⁸F]FMISO was >97%.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Program for the financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Akula, M.R., Collier, T.L., Blevins, D.W., Kabalka, G.W. and Osborne, D. (2019) Sequential Preparation of [¹⁸F]FLT and [¹⁸F]FMISO Employing Advion NanoTek^â Microfluidic Synthesis System. Advances in Molecular Imaging, 9, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.4236/ami.2019.94008

References