Personalized medicine, also called personalized treatment, is a medical procedure that separates patients into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. The terms personalized teartment, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably to describe this concept though some authors and organisations use these expressions separately to indicate particular nuances. While the tailoring of treatment to patients dates back at least to the time of Hippocrates, the term has risen in usage in recent years given the growth of new diagnostic and informatics approaches that provide understanding of the molecular basis of disease, particularly genomics. This provides a clear evidence base on which to stratify (group) related patients.

In the present book, fifteen typical literatures about personalized treatment published on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on medical science, genome, medical models, emerging technologies, ect. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in personalized treatment as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.