Neurochemistry is the specific study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules (such as psychopharmaceuticals, neuropeptides, or gastrotransmitters) that influence the function of neurons. This field closely examines how these neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. This evolving area of neuroscience offers a neurochemist a micro-macro connection between the analysis of organic compounds active in the nervous system and neural processes such as cortical plasticity, neurogenesis and neural differentiation. In the 1950s, neurochemistry became a recognized scientific research discipline. The founding of neurochemistry as a discipline traces its origins to a series of “International Neurochemical Symposia”. These early gatherings discussed the tentative nature of possible neurotransmitter substances such as acetylcholine, histamine, substance P, and serotonin. By 1972, ideas were more concrete. Neurochemicals such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin were classified as “putative neurotransmitters in certain neuronal tracts in the brain.”

In the present book, ten typical literatures about diabetes neurochemistry published on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on medical science, neurochemistry, biochemistry, neuroscience, ect. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in neurochemistry as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.