Support Epidemiology and Prognosis of Premature Rupture of Membranes in Pikine National Hospital Center ()
1. Introduction
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a relatively frequent pathology obstetric complicating 3% of preterm pregnancies [1] and occurring in 60% to 80% of term pregnancies [2]. It corresponds to an opening of the amniotic membranes before labor begins. It is the leading cause of premature delivery and neonatal death [3]. His etiology is multifactorial, although the lower genital tract infection is the factor most commonly found especially at an earlier gestational age. Other risk factors can be personal (age, parity, bad socioeconomic conditions, medical history), constitutional (uterine malformations: hypoplastic uterus) or traumatic. His diagnosis is easy and is based, in most cases, on an interview and a thorough clinical examination. But in some cases, the flow is intermittent and discreet and does not allow the diagnosis. Different biological examinations will then be carried out to make the diagnosis: vaginal fluid pH, crystallization test, amnio dye test, fibronectin test, α 1-microglobulin protein (PAMG-1) study, growth factor research insulin or IGFBP1 [4] [5]. The management depends on several factors including gestational age, the time elapsed since the opening of the egg, the Bishop score, any associated pathologies and the technical platform available. Its aim is to improve maternal-fetal and neonatal prognosis minimizing complications of prematurity and infection.
The objectives of this study were to establish the epidemiological profile, to study the management and prognosis of this disease in our practice.
2. Patients and Methods
It was a prospective, descriptive and analytical study from May 1st 2016 to January 31st 2017 at the Pikine National Hospital Center.
The target population consisted of all patients received at the hospital with premature rupture of membranes and who had given birth in the structure.
Data collection was done using individual questionnaires (survey form) from the hospital records, partographs, the register of births and the register of neonatology.
The variables studied were: marital status, mode and reason for admission; risk factors; antecedents; prenatal care; the clinical and paraclinical examinations; support and fetal maternal complications and immediate neonatal.
The data were received on individual survey forms. The data was analyzed with sphinx software and SPSS version 23 (IBM, United States) and descriptive statistics were used for frequency studies. The correlation tests were done by the Chi-2 test.
3. Results
Frequency
During the study 575 confirmed cases of PROM were reported on a total of 3003 women in labor, a frequency of 19.15%.
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age of patients
The average age of patients was 27.34 years with extremes of 15 and 49. The majority of our patients (94.4%) were aged between 18 and 39 years.
Gravidity and parity
Fifty-one-point three percent of patients were primiparous (>6), large multiparous represented only 2.5%.
Level of education
Almost half of our patients were not educated (49.7%). The one who received a primary school education accounted for 27.6%. Only 9.7% had completed higher education.
Clinical aspects
Pregnancy
The pregnancies were a singleton in the majority of the cases (93.2%) while the twins were 6.25% of cases. The average gestational age was 38.7 weeks with extremes of 23 and 46. The majority of patients (71.7%) had a gestational age greater than 37 weeks.
Number of antenatal
The majority of patients had performed more than 3 prenatal consultations, 88% of cases. The average number of antenatal visits was 4 with a range of 0 to 9. One-point six percent (1.6%) of patients had not received prenatal care. However, there does not seem to be any relationship between the number of prenatal care and the occurrence of the PROM (p = 0.577).
Clinical data
The referred patients accounted for 53.6% against 46.4% of spontaneous admissions. We note that the majority of patients (385 patients or 66.9%) had consulted in the first 12 hours of the onset of fluid flow and only 94 patients (16.3%) had consulted 24 hours later. The risk factors were dominated by the twin pregnancy (Table 1). The fluid flow was the most frequent reason for consultation (38.9%). For 20.1% of them, this flow was associated with uterine contractions.
The majority of fetal presentations were cephalic with 86% (Table 2). The amniotic fluid was clear in 40.9% (Figure 1). In 88.9% of cases, clinical pelvimetry was normal. The shrunken basins (immature, limiting, generally and transversely narrowed) accounted for 8% of cases.
Biology
The C-reactive protein was performed in 160 patients or 27.8% and was higher in 18.3%. The blood count was performed in 83.5% of patients, leukocytosis was noted in 223 patients or 38.8% of cases. Among the 223 patients with leukocytosis, 62 had elevated CRP. Anemia was present in 29 patients.
Among the 575 cases,
- 245 had received antibiotic therapy, a rate of 42.6%;
- 30 patients received corticosteroids or 5.2% of cases;
- 6 patients were under tocolysis 1% of cases.
In our series, 65.7% of patients had received simple monitoring and 7.3% of patients had undergone induction of labor. Immediate caesarean section was performed in 27% of cases. The results are shown in Figure 2.
In total 197 patients had a cesarean section or 34.3%, and 378 patients had vaginal delivery 65.7% of cases.
![]()
Figure 1. Distribution of patients according to the aspect of the amniotic fluid supported.
![]()
Table 2. Type of fetal presentation.
Complications
In 90.4% of cases the change was normal. We found 7.5% of cases of neonatal asphyxia and 1.7% of cases of chorioamnionitis.
Prognosis
Maternal prognosis
In the postpartum period, two cases of endometritis were recorded including one case of hemorrhagic endometritis. Maternal mortality was zero.
Neonatal prognosis
In our series, 11 cases of neonatal infection were recorded either a frequency 1.8% and for these babies, antenatal antibiotic was introduced in mothers. Of these 11 infants, 6 were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Of the 610 infants, 23 (3.8%) had died and 587 (96.2%) were alive. Among the infants died, 16 were stillborn fresh, 2 fetal deaths in utero and 5 had died in the neonatal period.
4. Discussion
The PROM occurs in 5% to 10% of full-term pregnancies. The main risks are the maternal-fetal infection, prematurity and to a lesser extent the complications of oligohydramnios in case of ealy PROM. In our study 17.7% of preterm delivery were found. This frequency is close to those found in the literature. Cisse [6] and Aloulou [7] noted frequencies respectively of 25.1% and 23.19%.
Another complication of PROM is chorioamnionitis which is a serious perinatal infection and this risk is increased with membrane rupture remote from term. Ten (10) of our patients had clinically and biologically confirmed intra-amniotic infection at a frequency of 1.8%. In their study, Ramsey et al. [8] reported a clinical chorioamnionitis rate of 36% for births before 26 weeks and 6% for births to 35 - 36 SA. The incidence of neonatal infection after rupture of membranes more than 24 hours is approximately 1%. When clinical signs of chorioamnionitis exist, the risk increases by 3% to 5% [9] [10]. We recorded among newborns 11 cases of neonatal infection at the frequency of 1.8%. Of these neonatal infections, none were associated with cases of chorioamnionitis found. Accoceberry [2] noted 16% of cases of neonatal infection, and according to it the repetition of vaginal examinations was at the origin. Aïdibé [11] recorded only one case of neonatal infection (0.71%) and this case was associated with chorioamnionitis.
Prescription of antibiotics in PROM before 34 reduced neonatal and maternal infectious morbidity. Indeed it drives less frequent chorioamnionitis, and reductions in neonatal morbidities including intraventricular hemorrhage, infections and the need for oxygen therapy. It is also associated with a longer latency for corticosteroids therapy [12]. However putting patients on antibiotic treatment is not systematic and is discussed by the schools. In our study 42.6% had benefited from it. The length of the rupture of membranes is a key in the antibiotic administration decision. Indeed an opening of the egg of more than 12 hours promotes contamination of amniotic fluid ascending path [9] [10]. Thus some authors justify routine antibiotic therapy for any PROM beyond 12 hours not in labor [13] [14]. Seince et al. [15] in a multicenter study found no significant difference in terms of infection, maternal-fetal according to whether the time to rupture was 6 to 12 hours, 12 to 24 hours or more. 24 hours. These same results were found in the study Mozurkeuwich and Wolf [16]. Regarding antenatal corticosteroid therapy, its importance is no longer to be proven. It leads to a reduction in neonatal deaths, respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease, intraventricular haemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis, with no obvious increase in perinatal or maternal infections. In our study 30 patients (5.2%) received corticosteroids.
In our series, perinatal mortality was 3.6% or 23 newborns on 610 births. Of these 23 deaths, 16 were stillbirths, 2 fetal deaths in utero while 5 had died in early neonatal period.
Among the fresh stillborn, the offending causes were severe preeclampsia (16.7%), fetal distress (11.1%), placental abruption (5.5%), cord prolapse (5.5%), and chorioamnionitis (5.5%).
For 5 cases of neonatal deaths, there were ground for prematurity and 3 cases of neonatal infection for both.
This mortality rate is lower than those found by Aidibé [11] and Paumier [1] which recorded perinatal mortality of 1.4% and 1.45% respectively.
Thirty-four-point three percent of patients had delivery by caesarean section versus 65.7% for vaginal delivery. These results seem similar to those found themselves in literature [6] [11] [17].
5. Conclusions
These results show that the prognosis of premature rupture of membranes remains favorable in our practice.
To improve the prognosis, we recommend sensitization of patients and during prenatal consultations with regard to danger signs, of carrying out systematic bacteriological samples from all pregnant in late pregnancy and the health personnel to direct patients’ references to structures in case of PROM.