Smart Agriculture with an Automated IoT-Based Greenhouse System for Local Communities ()
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
The term Internet of Things, or IoT, was first mentioned by Kevin Ashton in 1999, in his effort to explain how radio frequency identification (RFID) could be incorporated into the Internet. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Internet of Things has been defined as “a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies” [1] . The radical evolution of the current Internet in to connect everything that not only converges the information from the environment and cooperate with physical world like actuation, command, and control, but also using the Internet to provide the services for information, transfer, analytics, applications, and communication [2] . Along with the trend of Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Machine Learning, an IoT system integrated with the latest technologies in data processing will potentially solve obstacles and bring advancements to various domains, such as manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and agriculture. In recent years, governments throughout the world have greatly supported the research and application of IoT in agriculture. One of the models of agriculture combining with IoT is a hydroponic system which demands many devices been connected. As for communication between devices, IEEE 805.15.4 is always chosen as physical layer and access protocol to achieve mesh network communication. IEEE805.15.4, included in IEEE802.15, is a standard of the wireless personal area networks (WPANs) and it is a standard to meet the requirement of low power consumption and low-cost wireless network.
1.2. Objective
In this paper, our objective is to develop a greenhouse with an IoT system to serve as a one-stop shop to supply local communities’ demands to production. The IoT system helps to achieve the purpose in the following ways:
1.2.1. Market Demand
To provide plants for households, restaurants, and grocery stores in the local communities, the IoT system uses machine learning algorithms to analyze historical data of different kinds of crops price, and then predict the quantity demanded and price demanded of particular types of plants in the upcoming local market. Based on the predicted demand of the local market, the IoT system can offer optimal farming condition, produce recommendation of the floristics for users.
1.2.2. Precision in Operation
With a wide range of techniques, the IoT system employs automation to control growing conditions in the hydroponic greenhouse. Together, the automated heating/cooling system, the CO2 emissions control system, the LED lights, the nutrient supplement system delivers a unique growing recipe to each plant.
1.2.3. Supervision
The IoT system constantly monitors the greenhouse from the data collected by a variety of sensors. If unusual changes take place in the plants or the devices, the IoT system immediately sends alerts to the users via the mobile application. Once emergencies are notified, users are able to access detailed reports.
Comparing to traditional greenhouses, the IoT-based hydroponic greenhouse grows a diversity of plants at the same time to fulfill the basic needs of a specific local community (see Figure 1), which are forecasted by the cloud’s analyzing
of historical market data. Most importantly, the IoT system uses machines’ decision-making and precise actuating to replace human labor in greenhouse production.
2. The Architecture of the Greenhouse System
Concerning the integrated system logically, we will set varies of sensors in the greenhouse for collecting data such as CO2 concentration, humidity, illumination intensity and so on. At the same time, there are air pumps, micro-CHP, and other devices which will be controlled by the data sensor collected to keep the environment stable.
As to the data are sent through ZigBee to the local host to update to the cloud which stores the data and where the data is analyzed using linear regression. Beyond that, users could access the cloud to check the plant and get a variety of cognitive recommendations about future marketing decisions. The conspectus of system’s workflow can be recognized in Figure 2.
2.1. System Description
Given a space about 10 m2, an automated hydroponic greenhouse could be set up with several water tanks with consisting of 3 to 5 containers to grow crops as Figure 3 shown. At the top of a tank is a floating sheet. It can help containers to float above water. At the bottom of the container are the water pump and oxygenator. A tank can have multiple layers as shown in Figure 4.
What’s more, we need to control the environment for the greenhouse. There will be 7 factors to control: Humidity, temperature, CO2, light, EC, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Those factors have corresponding sensors and actuators. Sensors will help IoT system to collect these data, and actuators will receive data from cloud to react to corresponding changes on these 7 factors. Data communication between sensors is called a wireless sensor network, which will form a mesh network. After data is being collected, they will be sent to a local server through the sensor network. And the local server will send data to the cloud server by
using 2.5 G. Cloud server has strong computing power to help the customer make a market decision, and scheduling by using a machine learning algorithm. After computing, the data will both send to the local server and user interface. Local server will send data to actuators, and the user interface will receive data to inform users. Overall those functions and devices, IoT system makes the greenhouse become automated.
2.2. Sensors
The five types of sensors are employed in the sensor network. The humidity and temperature sensors, light sensors, and CO2 sensors are in the air; EC and pH sensors, and the dissolved oxygen sensors are in the water.
2.2.1. Humidity and Temperature Sensor
Humidity and Temperature Sensor: Severe symptoms will occur to plants if the growing temperature and humidity are not within the optimum range. Therefore, it is necessary to have sensors for monitoring the temperature and humidity around the plant. An example of such a sensor is SHT75 (see Figure 5), the digital pin-type relative humidity and temperature sensor produced by Sensation. It provides digital temperature measurements from −40˚C to 123.8˚C with an error range of ±0.3˚C; and humidity measurements from 0 to 100%RH (Relative Humidity) with an error range of ±1.8% RH [3] .
2.2.2. Light Sensor
Light exposure creates a profound influence on crop growth in the natural environment. Too high light intensity could burn the leaf; crops cannot the plants will not produce full fruit with too low light intensity. To further illustrate that, by simply installing a photoresistor (see Figure 6) on the SHT75, the light intensity could be measured. When light intensity changes, the resistance of the photoresistor changes and consequently generates an analog signal. The analog signal is transmitted to and processed by the local host.
2.2.3. EC and pH Sensor
Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH are two important conditions for hydroponics since each plant have specific conditions to grow. Whether they are higher or lower will lead to death. “EC and pH probes (the bits that go in the water) typically can’t be read directly with a microcontroller. They require an analog circuit to drive them.” [4] Cooking-Hacks sensors (see Figure 7) could monitor the EC and pH at the same time.
2.2.4. CO2 Sensor
Photosynthesis will affect the plant’s growth rate, which will stay in a relative low level in the low CO2 concentration, the content of CO2 in the air could control the photosynthesis rate of plants so as to make sure the plant could mature at the time farmer need. The SprintIR Wide Range Carbon Dioxide Sensor (see Figure 8) is one of the fastest (20 measurements per second), most accurate CO2 sensor on the market [5] .
2.2.5. Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Ensuring the root could breathe normally, the water needs enough oxygen. However, too much oxygen will also kill the roots. That is the reason to monitor
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Figure 8. Wide range carbon dioxide sensor [5] .
the dissolved oxygen. Through fiber-optic dissolved oxygen sensor (see Figure 9), the concentration of oxygen is easy to be detected [6] .
2.3. Actuators
There are five actuators that adjust circumstance in order to achieve the ideal atmosphere environment, water condition, and light. For atmosphere, CO2 generator, dehumidifier, and air-conditioner are required. In water, a pump system will adjust the water condition.
2.3.1. CO2 Generator
To increase CO2 concentration in the air, we need to use a CO2 generator. For example, CHP/Micro-CHP (see Figure 10) is one kind of CO2 generator, which burn propane or natural gas to emit CO2 into the atmosphere and generate heat and electricity [7] .
2.3.2. Dehumidifier
An industrial dehumidifier (see Figure 11) will be used to dehumidification by condensation (cooling the air the water vapor phase to a liquid [8] ) and reheat the air.
2.3.3. Air-Conditioner
Temperature is control by CHP and absorption refrigerator. CHP burn the fuel to heat. And the absorption refrigerator (see Figure 12) will cool the air.
2.3.4. Pump System
A pump system contains water pump and air pump. A water pump system, such an auto-dosing system (see Figure 13), can control water condition by pumping the different liquid. For example, adding consistent pH down or pH up can adjust pH, and pumping water or nutrient solution can control EC. The air pump can pump air into the water to increase DO.
2.3.5. Light
LED light bar is used to enhance light. Different light intensity will control by an open different number of LED light bar (see Figure 14).
2.4. Communication
Under the IoT greenhouse environment, numerous sensors, as we introduced in the former part and actuators can be utilized for connection throughout the greenhouse, capable of monitoring and detecting the change in the environment. The readings from these sensors can be used in analytics and providing to supervision applications, thus maintaining seamless connectivity between devices and the server become important to the system, especially when we look for precision in operation.
For the network that connects sensors and actuator, we choose to use ZigBee. ZigBee is a protocol that had been developed based on IEEE 802.15.4 which defines the physical and MAC layers. The characteristic that ZigBee support mesh topology with very-low power consumption makes it the most attractive wireless device to use in our project. Since it has multi-hop communication capability, it provides a relatively long range for communication [9] . Figure 15 shows our architecture of mesh network for greenhouse IoT system. A platform embedded with RF receiver and microcontroller units serves as a local host in the network.
The farther sensors send the message to other sensors, close to the local host, which can receive the data from sensors which can retransmit these messages too much closer sensors and finally to the local host. Then, the analyzed data will be sent to the actuators to stable the environment. The data from each greenhouse will also be forwarded to the cloud server using TCP/IP protocols by the 2.5 G networks, such as GPRS, depends on our need for transmission length.
Since we are talking about a greenhouse, it means the transmission will happen in a relatively short range. There is also another low consumption wireless technology such as Lora, but we don’t need to handle the transmission for more than 100 meters or strong interference problems, so ZigBee will be enough for a greenhouse environment. Combining with the mesh network, the data and control messages can be passed from one node to another node through multiple paths, which extends the range of the network and can be competent when we need to manage many devices at the same time, and also ensure the reliability of communication [10] .
For the regular wireless network, a lot of energy consumption happened when receiver detecting signals while no call comes in, in another word, idle listening. Now with the LPWAN technology, we can set the base station to stay in low power mode on a condition that there is no need to transmit-receive or control. CPU will only wake up when localhost received commands from the upper layer. Under such circumstance, the ratio of idle time to the total waking up time will be surely shortened and thus prolong the devices’ power endurance [11] .
The further transmission from the base station to the cloud server will be processed on the 2.5 G network. In order to connect to the cloud servers, we set a two-way satellite connection, which connected to the server which coordinates the sensor patches and provides a relational database service. We would expect to use turnkey base stations since they need to run unattended.
2.5. Data Storage and Connect Reliability
Data is collected and arranged in the Database. The data, such as Temperature, humidity, pH value, and daylight explosion, is sort by different plant or different greenhouse area which is mapping to its Crop Virtual Entity, and prepare for Analytics. Moreover, the server will monitor the link or localhost to make sure the reliability of the connection. If the server does not receive data then it will ask local to retransmit again. If still no response, the server will assume that there must an error on link or host, and send an alert to the user.
2.6. Analytics
In order to formulate a forecast model that precisely predicts the growth and crop yield in the greenhouse, we embed crop simulators into the Analytics Layer of the system. According to USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), “crop simulators are computer programs that mimic the growth and development of crops. Data on weather and crop management are processed to predict crop yield, maturity date, effectiveness of fertilizers, and other elements of crop production.” [12] To be more specific, our system collects data of the environment such as temperature, humidity, pH value, daylight explosion via the sensor network. Because of the complication of the data processing and forecast making, an appropriate model is needed. On the one hand, artificial neural network (ANN) methodology, designed for dynamic nonlinear systems like growth and development of crops, is an appropriate model and simulation tool [13] . In the recent decades, the ANN model has been used in crop development modeling [14] [15] and crop yield prediction [16] [17] [18] On the other hand, ANN has a better capability in yield prediction than regression and blind guess methods. In this situation, the ANN-6 and ANN-10 are suitable models for prediction [13] .
Once the data is collected and transmitted from the service layer, machine learning algorithms such as decision tree learning, artificial neural networks (ANN), and Bayesian networks accommodate the collected data and then formulate simulation models. The machine learning algorithms―along with statistical models, mechanistic models, and functional models [19] ―form the forecast model that illustrates the future growth and yield of the plants.
In the market demand, deep neural network for historical data processing, which includes different kinds of crops price and demand of particular crop, is used, so the system can predict the quantity demanded and price of particular types of plants in the upcoming local market. To be specific, because of complicity of the demand and price of crops, we cannot simply utilize a linear regression model. However, these two machine learning algorithms, 1) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and 2) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), are suitable for our prediction of crops demand, which is nonlinear and influenced by multiple factors [20] .
Through the data collection and procession, our IoT system will output a plain and palpable conclusion. For example, our IoT system can help farmers to decide what to plan even if they have no knowledge about market. It can also help farmers to control the whole system with diversification plants even if they have no experience of planting certain type of food. The IoT system makes our greenhouse to be automated.
Eventually, data collected from the greenhouse could further improve the forecast models. This data will be saved in the database and functional data will be sent back to local server.
2.7. User Interface
Users at the mobile end are able to access information about the greenhouse via different kinds of user interfaces. A mobile application is discussed below as an example. First of all, the mobile application consists of “Home”, “Explore”, “Alert”, and “My Account”. The framework of the application is demonstrated in Figure 16. Users can overview the functions of this app in the menu interface (Figure 17).
“Home”: The “Home” page consists of three sections, “Initial Setting” (displays the type and quantity of each plant), “Supervision” (displays temperature, humidity, light, pH, and CO2 measurements) (Figure 18), and “Prospect” (shows harvest date, predicted yield and price of each plant).
“Explore”: The “Explore” page has two sections, “Market” and “Trading”. The “Market” section provides the users with information about the predicted future prices of different categories of plants and the demanded price at a future date (Figure 19). The “Trading” section features a trading platform that allows users to sell their products.
“Alert”: The “Alert” page notifies the users about extreme conditions or critical changes in the market and in the greenhouse. To be more specific, if there are abnormal measurements received by the cloud, if the nutrients to cultivate the
plants are out of stock, and if a natural disaster takes place, alerts are immediately shown on this page.
“My Account”: The “My Account” page also has two sections, “Settings” and “Wallet”. The “Setting” section has features such as “Account Security” and other general setting options. The “Wallet” section is the User’s digital wallet that shows the balance within the user’s account.
3. Discussions
3.1. Evaluation
While some greenhouses today have installed a monitor system, they still require human labor to adjust the settings or equipment. On the other hand, although an automatic controlling system has been applied to some greenhouses, it lacks the reference standards that maximize the yield and enhance the quality of crops. Instead, our IoT-based hydroponic greenhouse integrated with both the monitor system and the automated controlling system takes advantage of the analytics of massive data from the cloud [21] . With machine learning algorithms like ANN to process the collected data, the cloud generates decision of adjustments in temperature, humidity, pH value, and light exposure and immediately sends them to the automatic controlling system.
3.2. Future Outlook
The amount of arable land has been decreased by one third in the past 40 years, resulting from soil degradation, climate change, and other destructive human activities [22] . Fortunately, the IoT-based hydroponic greenhouse is able to provide access to safe and nutritious food with all humanity, combating the challenging conditions and ensuring food security. Agriculture is no longer an industry that requires massive human labor. The IoT system will fuel a new era of industrialization in agriculture. Conventional risks and damages in agricultural activities could be quantified and eliminated by precise automation. By growing the crops in a greenhouse that perfectly resembles the natural environment, the crops are cultivated organically and safely.
Extending the application scenarios of the IoT system and taking it to the next level, it could be installed in space stations because of the absence of human labor in the IoT greenhouse production. Farming experiments are one of the most popular subjects in space stations. For instance, NASA has initiated the Advanced Plants Habitat (APH), a fully enclosed, closed-loop system with an environmentally controlled growth chamber that will be used to conduct plant bioscience research on the International Space Station [23] . Since APH requires minimal crew involvement, our greenhouse IoT system that automatically stores data and strictly controls the environmental conditions can be installed in APH and ultimately progress space farming.
4. Conclusion
Our greenhouse, driven by market demands and based on optimization schedule, is an integration of IoT with agriculture. The automation and high efficiency on monitoring and controlling greenhouse environment are crucial. Such a system can be easily installed and maintained, and the manager of this system can access all necessary data collecting from the sensors. We have expressed the benefits of an IoT-based greenhouse to meet the needs of local communities with the best prices and maximized profits.