An Overview of the Multi-Band and the Generalized BCS Equations-Based Approaches to Deal with Hetero-Structured Superconductors ()
1. Introduction
We trace in Section 2 the backdrop of Multi-Band Approach (MBA) for hetero-structured, multi-gapped superconductors (SCs) based on numerous papers, for the gist of which [1] [2] [3] suffice. Gleaned from [1] , summarized then are the reasons for its wide adoption. In Section 3, based on [4] [5] [6] [7] and [8] , is given an account of the Generalized-BCS Equations (GBCSEs)-based approach (CA henceforth because it complements MBA), which also has been valuably employed to deal with such SCs. The last section is devoted to a discussion of the salient distinguishing features of the two approaches and conclusion.
2. MBA
At the root of MBA is the work of Suhl et al. [2] who dealt with the superconductivity of transition elements for which the occupation of the 4s orbitals begins prior to complete filling of the 3d orbitals, leading to division of valence electrons between two bands. Pairing can therefore also be caused by cross-band scattering. Because the d-band has more vacant levels than the s-band, it makes a large contribution to the total density of states N(0). Two gaps and, in general, two Tcs arise in this approach because the BCS interaction parameter λ
[N(0)V] is now determined not via a single interaction energy “V”, but via a quadratic equation involving three such energies: Vs and Vd due to scattering in the two bands individually and Vsd due to cross-band scattering. Since in this model the equation employed to determine Tc―for each value of λ―is the familiar BCS equation for elemental SCs derived for one-band, weak-coupling (λ < 0.5) theory, it cannot per se explain the occurrence of high-Tcs. For this reason, the multi-band concept is supplemented by the well-known Migdal-Eliashberg-McMillan approach [3] , which allows λ to be greater than even unity because it is based on an integral equation the expansion parameter of which is not λ, but (me/M), where me is the mass of an electron and M that of an ion. MBA has evolved around these basic ideas because anisotropic SCs necessitate that [1] : 1) the BCS assumption of
(EF = Fermi energy, k = Boltzmann constant; θ = Debye temperature) be abandoned; 2) different locations in k-space should be characterized by distinct pairing strengths and order parameters (i.e., gaps); and 3) the assumption that the Fermi surface is isotropic/spherical be dispensed with.
Indeed, numerous SCs have been listed in [1] for which MBA has found a useful application.
3. CA: Physical Basis [4]
A striking feature of all SCs that have Tcs greater than that of Nb (≈9 K) is that they are multi-component materials, suggesting naturally that Cooper pairs (CPs) in them may also be bound via simultaneous exchanges of phonons with more than one species of ions. It has been shown [4] that the BCS equation for Tc of an elemental SC can also be obtained via a Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) with a kernel corresponding to the one-phonon exchange mechanism (1PEM) in the ladder approximation. The first diagram in this series has one rung, the second two rungs, and so on. If the number of rungs between any two space-time points in each of these diagrams is doubled, then we have the 2-phonon exchange mechanism (2PEM) in operation. Similarly―depending on composition of the SC―CPs may also be bound via a 3-phonon exchange mechanism (3PEM). It hence follows that in a composite SC, CPs may exist with different values of the binding energy (2|W|). Since the inequalities
must hold, and since |W| = ∆ [4] , we are naturally led to an explanation of why multi-component SCs are characterized by multiple gaps.
3.1. GBCSEs Incorporating Chemical Potential in the 2PEM Scenario
Employing
as the kernel of a BSE, the following EF-incorporated equations have been derived for |W20| (to be identified with ∆2 > ∆1) and Tc, where ∆1 and ∆2 are any two gap-values of an SC which may also be characterized by additional ∆-values [4] [5] :
(1)
(2)
where chemical potential μ has been used interchangeably with EF, θ1 and θ2 > θ1 are the Debye temperatures of the ion-species that cause pairing and
and
their interaction parameters, no distinction is made between the values of μ and the λs at T = 0 and T = Tc, and Re ensures that the integrals yield real values even when μ < kθ2. Note that when λ2 = 0, λ1 = λ, θ1 = θ, |W20| = |W| and
, (2) becomes identical with the BCS equation for Tc of an elemental SC, and (1) leads to
, where in the parentheses is noted the BCS equation for ∆. Via a detailed comparative study of these equations for six elemental SCs [4] , it has been shown that the equation for |W| provides a viable alternative to the equation for ∆. We note that s±-wave feature is an inbuilt feature of (1) since it has been derived by assuming that the signature of W20 changes on crossing the Fermi surface. Such an assumption leaves the BCS equation for ∆ unchanged because it is quadratic in ∆.
3.2. Critical Current Density j0 of an SC at T = 0 via CA in the 2PEM Scenario
It has been shown that [6] ,
and
hence, from the definition,
it follows that [6] [7] :
(3)
where
and
In these equations, θ is the Debye temperature of the SC and θ1 and θ2 the Debye temperatures of ion-species that cause pairing, m* (me) is the effective (free) electron mass, γ the electronic specific heat constant and vg the gram-atomic volume of the SC; (ns/2), e* (twice the electronic charge), v0, and P0 are, respectively, the number density, electronic charge, critical velocity and critical momentum of CPs (momentum at which ∆ vanishes), and
, a dimensionless construct to be obtained by solving
, where
.
This equation is derived via a BSE with the same kernel as employed for (1) and (2), except that now
, unless
A more accurate (but rather elaborate) equation that additionally contains EF explicitly has been derived in [8] ; the values of y obtained via these equations differ significantly only when μ/kθ ≈ 0.3 or less.
3.3. CA at Work, as Exemplified via Applications to a Cuprate and an Iron-Based SC
1) Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 (Tl-2212) [4] [6] : “Resolving” θ (Tl-2212) = 254 K, we obtain θCa = 254 K, θTl = 289 K, θBa = 296 K. Assuming that pairing is due to the Ca and Tl ions and treating μ as an independent variable, we find via (1) and (2) that the empirical values |W20| = 23.9 meV and Tc = 110 K of the SC can be explained by a multitude of {μ, λCa, λTl}-values. For each such set of values, we solve the equation for y given above and then calculate j0 via (3), which leads to a multitude of values for the larger set {μ, λCa, λTl, y, j0}. Appeal to the empirical value, j0 = 6.5 × 107 A/cm2, then fixes the set as: {μ = 49.8 meV, λCa = 0.4899, λTl = 0.4543, y = 1.512}. As predictions, we have: s = 4.23, ns = 4.39 × 1020 cm−3, v0 = 9.35 × 105 cm/sec. Repetition of the above procedure for pairing via the Ca and Ba ions, or the Ba and Tl ions, fixes λBa. Each of the sets {θCa, λCa}, {θBa, λBa} and {θT1, λT1} then leads to a value of |W10| in the 1PEM scenario, and to |W30| in the 3PEM scenario when all these sets operative simultaneously.
2) Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 (BaAs) [4] [5] : We obtain θBa = 124.6 K, θFe = 399.4 K and θAs = 148.6 K from θBaAs = 274 K. From among the multitude of empirical gap-values that characterize it, , e.g., ≈ 0, 2.5, 3.3, 3.6, 4, 6, 7, 7.6, 8.5, 9, 12 meV, we choose 6 and 12 meV as our starting point and take its Tc as 37 K, which are also the values commonly employed in MBA. We now assume that while the smaller gap and the Tc are due to the Ba and Fe ions, the larger gap pertains to the 3PEM scenario (involving also the As ions). This necessitates supplementing (1) and (2) by another equation, which follows from (1) by replacing |W20| by |W30| and adding
to its LHS; θ2 = θFe on the RHS remains unchanged because it is greater than either of θ1 (=θBa) and θ2 (=θAs). By solving three simultaneous equations, viz., (1), (2), and (3), as against the normal practice of appealing only to the Tc and Δ-values of the SC, we are now led to a multitude of values for the set {μ, λBa, λFe, λAs, y, j0}. Appeal to j0 = 2.5 × 107 Acm−2 then fixes this set as {μ = 14.2 meV, λBa = 0.1155, λFe = 0.3838, λAs = 0.2196, y = 3.433}. Besides, we are thus led to a quantitative explanation of several empirical features of the SC, such as: EF/kTc = 4.45, gap-values other than 6 and 12 meV, e.g., ≈ 0 and 9 meV, (Tc)max (via 3PEM) as exceeding 50 K, and the “dome-like” structure of its Tc vs. a tuneable variable; and, as predictions, to values of s, ns, v0, and coherence length ξ as:
4. Discussion and Conclusions
1) CA satisfies the criteria noted for MBA in Section 2 because: (1) and (2) hold for arbitrary values of EF, the ions responsible for pairing have been distinguished by distinct θ- and λ-values and the valence band overlapping the undulating Fermi surface has been characterized by locally spherical values―reminiscent of the locally inertial frames employed in the general theory of relativity [9] . We recall that even though none of the elemental SCs has a perfectly spherical Fermi surface [10] , such an assumption works for them―barring a few for which
. Finally, akin to MBA, CA too has been valuably employed for a wide variety of SCs, viz., several elemental SCs, MgB2, YBCO, Bi-2212 and Tl-2212 [4] [6] [7] , SrTiO3, La2CuO4, CeCoIn5 [4] , Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 [4] [5] , and NbN [8] .
2) A salient feature of CA is that it invariably appeals to the ion-species that comprise an SC, whereas the number of bands invoked in MBA for the same SC differs from author to author [5] . Besides, by employing as input the values of any two gaps of an SC, CA goes on to shed light on several others, and puts its ∆s, Tc and j0 under the same umbrella―which are features not shared by MBA.
3) While (3) identifies the parameters that can enhance j0, and hence Tc [11] , of an SC, their optimization in practice is not straightforward because, while y depends on EF, so do its constituents m* and P0. Besides, any attempt to increase the value of (γ/vg), which is also implicitly a function of EF, is bound to raise the problem of stability of the SC. Hence, in the quest for tangible clues to raise Tcs of SCs, we need to have a comprehensive catalogue that includes, besides their Tc- and ∆-values, the values of θ, j0, m*, v0, ns, γ and vg.
4) To conclude, with s±-wave as an intrinsic feature of it, we have shown that CA transforms the problem of raising Tc into one of chemical engineering and that it is applicable to a wide variety of SCs, including the Fe-based SCs―without invoking a new state for them, as has been suggested via MBA [12] . Hence there is a need for its greater dissemination. Finally, both the approaches (without excluding others) need to be followed up since the cherished goal of room-temperature superconductivity may be reached by appealing to different sets of axioms―as in Euclidean geometry.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks D. C. Mattis, D. M. Eagles, A. Bianconi, R. Hott and A. Semenov for valuable correspondence, and L. K. Pande for a critical reading of the manuscript.