The Prediction Factors of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB among MDR-TB Patients in Northern Thailand ()
1. Introduction
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) has emerged as a major threat to global TB control. Mycobacterium tuberculosis XDR strains are resistant to rifampin, isoniazid, fluoroquinolone, and any of the second-line injectable agents, including amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KAN), and capreomycin (CAP) [1] . XDR-TB is usually developed from multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, which is resistant to rifampin and isoniazid. MDR-TB typically requires two years of treatment with second-line drugs, which is more expensive and more toxic than first-line drugs [2] [3] . The low rate of diagnosis and diagnostic delay, the limited access to second-line drugs, and the poor adherence of MDR-TB patients have mainly led to the emergence of XDR-TB [4] . Most of the XDR-TB and Pre-XDR-TB patients in China were new cases, indicating the transmission of resistant strains [5] [6] . In 2016, Thailand had 80 MDR-TB patients. Of these cases, 20 were on treatment for XDR-TB and 60 were on MDR-TB and Pre-XDR-TB medication [7] . All of them are difficult to treatment.
The cure rate for MDR-TB patients is 50% - 60%, compared with 95% - 97% of the patients with drug-susceptible TB [8] . As a result, MDR-TB and XDR-TB have emerged as significant threats to global TB control [9] . The emergence of XDR-TB strains is a reflection of poor tuberculosis management and control, and this situation should be considered as an urgent global health problem, especially in developing countries and those lacking resources [10] .
Our study aimed to ascertain the risk factors of gene mutation that are associated with the development of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB. The rapid diagnosis of these resistant cases is urgently needed and is useful for treatment. In the future, molecular diagnosis will involve MDR-TB and XDR-TB detection, which is also useful for predicting Pre-XDR and XDR-TB and for monitoring treatment.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Study Design
This study was a retrospective study of MDR-TB and XDR-TB M. tuberculosis isolates involving TB patients during 2005-2012 at the Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 10 (DPC 10) in the north of Thailand as shown in Figure 1. The DPC 10 laboratory is a Regional TB Laboratory covering TB patient treatment from eight provinces in the upper north of Thailand, which can provide M. tuberculosis (MTB) cultures, identification, and Drug Susceptibility Tests (DST) for first- and second-line drugs. The MTB isolates were subcultured, then tested for phenotypes for first- and second-line drug resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ofloxacin (OFX), and kanamycin (KAN) at DPC 10. Further, genetic site mutation for drug resistance in the corresponding resistant gene (katG, inhA, ahpC, rpoB, gyrA and rrs) was performed at Macrogen in Korea. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic data, diagnosis, and laboratory identification and DST results.
2.2. Mycobacterial isolates
161 MTB multidrug and extensive drug resistant strain isolates from TB patients during 2005-2012 were subcultured from collections at DPC 10 received from 8 hospitals in the upper north of Thailand. Only 34 isolates were able to grow in 5 ml of 7H9 broth supplemented with PANTA and 3% Ogawa. Samples were collected from individual TB patients who presented with the initial treatment status.
2.3. Drug susceptibility Testing
Phenotypes testing on first and second line anti-tuberculous drugs (INH, RIF, OFX, and KAN) were performed on 34 isolates of M. tuberculosis, using the proportion method on LJ medium [11] . DST was completed according to the WHO guideline for DST testing for first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs for DOTS-plus [12] . DST was determined using the indirect agar proportion method which, was performed on an LJ medium supplemented individually with anti-TB drugs, which included INH (0.2 µg/ml), RIF (40.0 µg/ml), OFX (2.0 µg/ml), and KAN (30 µg/ml).
2.4. DNA extraction
34 isolates were grown on solid media (Löwenstein-Jensen and OGAWA), and chromosomal DNA was extracted using the commercial kit method with MolecuTech REBA MTB-MDR 2011. The purified DNA pellet was stored at 4˚C until use.
2.5. Sequencing method
Six loci were amplified by PCR: katG, inhA, and ahpC (INH); rpoB (RIF); gyrA (OFX); and rrs (KAN) at Macrogen. Genetic site mutations in the corresponding resistance gene (katG, inhA, ahpC, rpoB, gyrA, and rrs) were performed using Macrogen molecular laboratory outsources. The primers are presented in Table 1 [4] [13] [14] . The result of sequencing was then subjected to comparison and analysis.
2.6. Analysis
The sequencing data produced by the ABI 3730xl DNA analyzer were reviewed for confidence levels with an ABI sequence scanner, and chromatograms were analyzed for the presence or absence of mutations by comparison with published sequences of H37Rv. The data on clinical patients, resistant genes, genetic site mutation, and phenotype were compiled using the Excel 2010 database. Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical software package. The baseline characteristics of demographic data, treatment outcome and the genetic site mutation were presented using frequency and percentage. The associations between the demographic data, treatment outcome, resistant gene and MDR, Pre-XDR, and XDR were evaluated using exact probability tests. Univariable logistic regression was used to quantify the strength of the association between the demographic data, the gene mutation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the prevalence of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB among the MDR-TB patients.
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Table 1. Primers used for sequencing.
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of MDR-TB and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB
There was no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the characteristic of MDR-TB and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB cases (Table 2).
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Table 2. Characteristics of MDR and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients.
3.2. Treatment patterns of MDR-TB and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB
The majority of treatments in of the MDR-TB and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients were similar that found combination directly observed and self-administered for therapy type, CAT V (I) for treatment pattern, during on treatment more than 24 months in Table 3. The majority of side effects were different in two groups that found minor side effect (75.0%) in MDR-TB patients but found major side effect (40.0%) in Pre-XDR or XDR-TB patients in Table 3.
3.3. Treatment outcome of MDR-TB and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB
The treatment outcome resulting as “cure” was observed mainly in MDR-TB (50%). Cure/successful treatment was found 30% in Pre-XDR/XDR-TB group with defaulted (30%) and dead (30%) as shown in Table 4. However, it is found that 20% of deaths in Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients occurred before the initiation of TB treatment.
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Table 3. Treatment patterns of MDR and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients.
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Table 4. Treatment outcome for MDR and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB.
3.4. MDR-TB, and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB with Gene mutation codon
The analysis was conducted on 34 isolates of which 24 was MDR-TB, 9 Pre XDR and 1 XDR-TB. DNA sequencing was tested following six resistant genes: katG, inhA, ahpC, rpoB, gyrA, and rrs. The katG, inhA, ahpC, and rpoB indicated resistance to the first-line antibiotic treatment, while gyrA and rrs indicated resistance to the second-line antibiotic treatment. The distribution of MDR, Pre-XDR and XDR-TB by mutation site in katG, inhA, ahpC, rpoB, gyrA, and rrs gene can be seen in Table 5 and Table 6. The isoniazid (INH) resistant isolates had genetic site mutations within the katG gene, inhA gene, and ahpC gene, which had mutated in many codons (Table 5). The majority of the katG gene mutations in MDR-TB had a genetic site mutation in codon 315 (Table 5). There was no mutation in any katG codon of the 14 cases in MDR, Pre-XDR/XDR-TB (Table 5). There were two cases of isoniazid (INH) drug resistance that exhibited no mutation to any genetic site on the katG, inhA, and ahpC gene in the MDR-TB patients. Two cases found mutation only a katG gene in the Pre-XDR-TB patients in our study. Mutation of rpoB 445 codon was significantly found in Pre-XDR/XDR-TB isolates (50%) than in MDR-TB isolates (23.5%) with the p-value of 0.031 (Table 6).
3.5. Odds of Pre-XDR/XDR-TB by Clinical Profile and loci of gene Mutation
Our study found that Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients significantly presented a mutation in the region of the rpoB gene at codon 445 (C445T) 20.6 times than the MDR-TB patients (P = 0.026) (Table 7). The results also showed that the prevalence inhA gene mutation at codon 114 (T114G) was significantly higher (8.1 times) in the Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients than in the MDR-TB patients (p = 0.034) (Table 7). Also the data presented that minor side effect was significantly lower (0.14 times) in the Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients than in the MDR-TB patients (p = 0.020) (Table 7).
The predictive markers in a logistic model (the mutation of the inhA gene at codon 114, the rpoB gene at codon 445, the rrs gene at codon 414 and minor
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Table 5. Distribution of MDR-TB, and Pre-XDR-TB/XDR-TB by katG, inhA, and ahpC gene mutation codon.
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Table 6. Distribution of MDR-TB, and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB by rpoB, gyrA and rrs gene mutation codon.
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Table 7. Odds of Pre-XDR/XDR-TB by loci of gene mutation.
side effect can be explained 89.6% the probability of Pre-XDR/XDR-TB among MDR-TB (Figure 2).
4. Discussion
The predictors of Pre-XDR/XDR-TB from MDR-TB that will be useful for early treatment need to be identified from the genetic mutation marker. Mutations in
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Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of predictive markers of Pre-XDR/XDR-TB among MDR-TB.
the selected genes of M. tuberculosis have been used as markers for anti-TB drug resistance. Our results found that DST phenotypic resistance correlated with resistant genes, isoniazid resistance and katG, inhA, ahpC; and rifampicin resistance and rpoB.
Gene mutation site in MDR-TB and Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patents: The rpoB gene mutation was a significant factor in terms of increasing the severity of MDR-TB, which may lead to the diagnosis (prediction) of Pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB in patients. Previous study showed that 31.2% of the primary MDR-TB patients in China had S531L rpoB mutation [15] . Wang Sheng Fen study further showed that the combination of mutations in gyrA, rrs, and tlyA could predict Pre-XDR-TB with 68.9% sensitivity and XDR-TB with 65.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity [16] .
4.1. InhA 114 among Pre-XDR/XDR-TB Patients and MDR-TB Patients
Our study showed that the inhA gene mutation position at 114 (T114G) and the rpoB gene mutation position at 445 (C445T) maybe used as a tool to predict the Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients. The mutation of T114G or C445T was more likely to be associated with the development to Pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB among MDR-TB, with the chance of 8.1 and 20.6 times, respectively. In our study, gene mutation in inhA 114 was detected in 82.6% (19/23) of the MDR and in 17.4% (4/23) of the Pre-XDR or XDR-TB strains. There have been no previous reports of inhA 114 mutation in MDR-TB and XDR-TB strains; however this could be a case of silent mutation. Mutations of inhA are also commonly found at (−15) [17] [18] [19] [20] among the Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistant strains that can be found among TB and MDR-TB patients.
4.2. RpoB 445 among Pre-XDR or XDR-TB Patients or MDR-TB Patients
Many studies have documented that rpoB 445 is very specific to rifampicin resistance, which has been used to detect MDR-TB [21] [22] [23] . In our study, gene mutation in rpoB was detected in 85.3% (29/34) of the MDR and XDR-TB strains and was more likely to be found in Pre-XDR and XDR-TB patients by about 20 times when compared with the MDR-TB patients. One study showed that rpoB 445 was a very strong factor in predicting rifampicin resistance [24] . A previous study in Swaziland showed rpoB 445 mutation in MDR-TB patients (79.17%) [22] . The rpoB 445 mutation was also found during the outbreak of MDR-TB in Argentina in 1973 [23] . Previous studies have shown that rpoB445 could predict MDR with high specificity but low sensitivity [19] .
4.3. Minor Side effect among Pre-XDR/XDR-TB patients or MDR-TB Patients
The attention paid for treatment of ADR with minimum modification of treatment regimen that was increased cure rate [25] . Also the previous study in MDR-TB without co-infection with HIV showed ADR was not effect to stop treatment [26] . Minor side effects appeared to have little impact on treatment completion and the conversion to Pre-XDR/XDR-TB because patients tended to visit healthcare providers more often to discuss their side effect concerns, resulting in better continuation of care and treatment which indirectly lowering the conversion to Pre-XDR/XDR-TB.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, our study has found that presence of mutations in inhA 114 and rpoB 445 could be an indicator for Pre-XDR and XDR-TB strains among MDR-TB patients in northern Thailand. Prospective results should be done before applying these mutations as markers for Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in this population.
6. Limitations of this Study
The limitation of this study was that it was a retrospective study where the evaluation was carried out using only one-fifth isolates that could be subcultured from a total of 161 isolates. The sample size was rather limited. Generalization from this study should be made with caution.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand and the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. We would like to thank all of the support staff at the Disease Prevention and Control Region 10 (DPC 10), and at Nakornping Hospital, Chiang Rai Hospital, Lampang Hospital, Phayao Hospital, ChiangKan Hospital, Lamphun Hospital, Phrae Hospital, and Nan Hospital.