Association between Socio-Demographic Factors and Blood Sugar Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Bangladesh ()
1. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition that adversely affects the normal physiological ability to produce or utilize insulin. Insulin is a hormone which is secreted by the pancreas and helps to carry glucose from the bloodstream into the cells [1] . Elevated blood sugar level is found in diabetes that can cause severe short-term and long-term consequences ranging from brain injury to amputations and heart disease [2] . So, diabetes mellitus is one of the heterogeneous carbohydrate metabolism disorders where defects occur in insulin secretion and utilization.
Globally, an estimated 422 million adults have DM as per the updated information from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016. That is one person is suffering from DM in every eleven people. Diabetes may lead to developing long-term complications in many parts of the body that increase the risk of premature death. The global prevalence of diabetes has almost doubled since 1980, increasing from 4.7% to 8.5% among the adult people. Overweight or obesity is the associated risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [3] . It is predicted that 592 million people will be affected by diabetes by 2035 globally [4] . Bangladesh holds the 2nd position based on the number of diabetes patients among South Asian countries (5.1 million adults, 6.31%). World Diabetes Day (WDD) increases awareness of the medical community, public health officials and the general public that DM is a rising public health problem [5] . Worldwide, DM is regarded as one of the most complex chronic diseases. T2DM is the 7th leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. Persons with diabetes require life-long personal care to decrease the chance of developing long-term complications. Good knowledge about the risk factors of diabetes including age, gender, educational level, the area of residence, BMI, and obesity, family history, and inactive life-style, plays an essential role in prevention and treatment [6] . Also, financial, psychological, and ecological features are directly and indirectly linked with diabetes management and treatment results [7] . The development of T2DM is caused by anthropometric (height, weight, percentage body fat, etc.), demographic (age, gender, family income, education, profession, marital status, etc.), and genetic factors. A family history of diabetes is just one of many risk factors for T2DM. Researchers are only beginning to understand the genetics of diabetes.
Scientists have also shown that racial or ethnic groups have a definite higher risk of diabetes than the counterpart. White Caucasian Americans have a lower risk for developing T2DM than Latino and African Americans. People with obesity or overweight have a significant risk of developing T2DM. Four out of 5 people with T2DM have obesity. One of the relations of diabetes with obesity is that fat induces low-grade inflammation all over the body that contributes to diabetes. Extra abdominal fat can alters the body’s response to insulin that ultimately causes insulin resistance [8] . With this condition, cells cannot use insulin to process blood sugar out of the blood, resulting in high blood sugar levels. While not everyone with insulin resistance develops diabetes, people with insulin resistance are at increased risk of T2DM. Taking too much sugary beverages and lemonade can augment the risk of diabetes [9] . Research finding showed that eating a diet of high calorie, beverages, and refined foods significantly increase the risk of T2DM [10] . In the person with obesity, body fat interacts with insulin and other hormones to influence the development of diabetes. Lean muscle mass, which can be increased through exercise and strength training, plays a role in protecting the body against insulin resistance and T2DM [11] . A six-month study of 117 older men and women with abdominal obesity recently demonstrated that a mix of aerobic and resistance training exercises helped to reduce insulin resistance. Insulin and blood sugar balance is affected due to sleep disturbances which increase the demand of insulin on the pancreas. Over time, this can lead to T2DM [12] . A study conducted on 8,992 adults in the first national health and nutrition examination survey and the result showed that over the course of a decade, those who slept less or more were at higher risk for the development of T2DM. The risk of T2DM increases as people get older, especially after the age 45. That’s probably because people tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and gain weight as they age [13] . But T2DM is also increasing dramatically among children, adolescents and younger adults [14] . A physiological condition where blood sugar level is increased compared to the normal individual but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes is termed as pre-diabetes. Left untreated, pre-diabetes can progress to T2DM. Oxidative stress can be caused by smoking as cigarette smoke combines with oxygen and create a stressful condition that damages cells in the body. Also, oxidative stress may be correlated with the higher risk of diabetes. Smoking is connected with the elevated risk of belly fat and abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity is a well-rec- ognized risk factor for diabetes as it influences the creation of cortisol, a stress hormone that increases blood sugar level. A person with smoking habit tends to have a greater concentration of cortisol level in blood than nonsmokers [15] .
According to above information, T2DM may have a significant correlation with socio-demographic features of patients. The purpose of this current study was to analyze the anthropometric and socio-demographic factors and find out their roles on FBS of T2DM patients in Bangladesh. To use these findings in the appropriate field, some life-style modification guidelines may be recommended to improve the quality of life as well as to prevent the incremental glucose level for T2DM patients.
2. Material and Methods
Blood samples were collected from 114 patients (70 males and 44 females), age ranging from 30 to 75 years during February-May 2017. Participants were chosen by cluster and stratified sampling in urban and rural areas. According to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, people with FBS equal to or more than 126 mg/dL were diagnosed with T2DM [16] . All the participants were well informed about the purpose and objective of the study and a written consent was taken from each of them. Every subject filled up a well-structured questionnaire form that contains personal, socio-economic, medical, family, and other demographic information. In patients with no formal education, the relevant information was obtained from primary care-givers. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the respective hospital.
FBS was measured using laboratory kits (Accu-Chek, Roche Diabetes Care, Inc.) and spectrophotometric method. Weight (kg) and height (m) of the respondents have been taken to calculate their body mass index (BMI) (dividing weight by square of height). Those with a BMI of 18.5 - 25.0 kg/m2 were classified as normal, while those with a BMI > 25.0 kg/m2 were classified as obese [16] Physical activity was classified based on daily work, low: activity relating the extension of muscular-skeletal and moving from one place to another place; medium: physical activity sometimes involving an increase in respiratory rate like cleanliness, gardening, building painter etc.; high: activity connecting a highly increased respiratory rate such as manual labor, building labor, porter etc. Economic condition is defined by respective family income, low: <30 kilo Bangladeshi taka (KBDT); medium: 30 - 50 KBDT; good: >50 KBDT. Education was categorized into 3 levels: illiterate, 0 - 12 years of education and graduate or above.
The SPSS software package, version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all the variables. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Descriptive data has been given as frequencies and percentages. Comparisons of all parameters were performed by cross table variations and independent sample t-test and ANOVA. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to find out the correlation of socioeconomic factors with blood glucose levels of T2DM patients. The data was considered to be significant if the P value is less than 0.05.
3. Results
The socio-demographic and biographic profiles of the patients have been presented in Figure 1. Approximately 50% (57) of patients were found within an age range of 30 - 45 years. Among all respondents, 61% (70) were male and 39% (44) were female. Roughly 80% (90) patients were found to be obese and most of the patients were educated. Around 50% respondents were from middle-class family and had the family income between 30 - 50 KBDT. Urban populations were more prone to have DM than the rural population. Physical activity was found low for 50% type 2 diabetic patients and 67% patients were the nonsmoker.
It was observed that the mean ± SEM of age, BMI, family income, and FBS level of the patients were 46.81 ± 9.98 years, 26.82 ± 2.42 kg/m2, 32.95 ± 14.17 KBDT, and 218.84 ± 48.93 mg/dL, respectively. Associations between socio- demographic factors and FBS levels have been shown in Table 1. The present study showed that FBS levels were significantly correlated with the age, education, residential area, physical activity, and other co-morbid diseases of type 2 diabetic patients (P < 0.05). On the other hand gender differences, BMI, average
family income, smoking habit, life stress, and family history were not significantly correlated with the FBS levels of T2DM patients.
4. Discussion
Previous study results showed that older age, higher socio-economic status,
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Figure 1. Socio-demographic and biographic profiles of DM patients. Data were analyzed for sex (a); age (b); BMI (c); education (d); residence (e); physical activity (f); smoking habit (g); and economic condition (h). Physical activity was categorized based on activity during daily work, low: activity involving the extension of muscular-skeletal and moving from one place to another place; medium: physical activity sometimes involving an increase in respiratory rate like cleanliness, gardening, building painter etc.; high: activity involving a highly increased reparatory rate such as manual labor, building labor, porter etc. Economic condition is defined by respective family income, low: <30 KBDT; medium: 30 - 50 KBDT; good: >50 KBDT. Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; YRS, years; KBDT, kilo Bangladeshi taka.
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Table 1. Socio-demographic factors and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels among type 2 diabetic patients in Bangladesh. A *P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
higher educational attainment, hypertension, and obesity is significantly correlated with T2DM [17] . Superior socio-economic standing plays a vital role to manage diabetes in the urbanized countries whereas, in Bangladesh, an opposite relation was observed between education level and having diabetes [18] . Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are occurred due to short-term partial sleep restriction. Men reported that either short or long sleep duration which increases the risk of developing diabetes [19] . Sleep disorder is linked with blood sugar control in African Americans with T2DM [20] . Habitual Chinese dietary pattern is shifting such as high intake of pork, rice, and vegetables are replacing with high intake of edible oil and meats but low consumption of vegetables and cereals. Smoking, breakfast omitting and high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages become very trendy. Inadequate physical activity, sleep duration, and sleep quality are also familiar for Chinese residents, all these are correlated with glucose levels of T2DM [21] . Sitting idle decreases the work performance of large skeletal muscles in legs and back. Over the time course of a single day, physical inactivity may induce negative effects on relatively fast acting cellular processes in the skeletal muscles or other tissues. This may have chronic effects on the propensity to become overweight [22] . The present study also showed that age, education, residential area, physical exercise, and other co-morbid diseases significantly correlated with FBS levels of T2DM patients (P < 0.05).
There is a significant effect of family history of T2DM on individuals with metabolic syndrome as compared to their counterparts in Asian Indian population. The family history of specific diseases reflects the consequences of genetic susceptibility, shared environment and common behaviors [23] . The area of residence has an effect on the level of metabolic control, the occurrence of diabetic complications, and quality of life. The countryside people are considered as a low income and education as well as a high number of persons with the disability [24] . In USA, moderately elevated BMI increases the risk of developing T2DM complications. Obesity is a major contributing factor to T2DM and its complications for both men and women [25] . But the present study results didn’t find the association of FBS with sex, BMI, economic condition, smoking habit and family history of patients with T2DM. The limitations of the present study are its small sample size, less homogenous study population, and the inclusion of smokers. The current findings should be considered as preliminary and need further studies for more clarification.
5. Conclusion
We found different socio-demographic profiles are significantly correlated with the blood sugar levels of the T2DM patient in Bangladesh. As diabetes is amendable disease, different management guidelines can be produced based on our current study findings. In Bangladesh, need-based diabetes awareness, management, and control policy such as patient education, disease counseling, early diagnosis, and life-style modification techniques should be started among the aged population for better control and care in patients with T2DM. Motivational programs (managing blood sugar level, adopting a healthy lifestyle, changing food habits, and reducing body weights) should be implemented.
6. Consent to Publish
All study participants or their primary caregivers acknowledged that anonymous data would be published in journal articles.
7. Availability of Data and Materials
Data supporting these findings are contained within the manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
I am thankful to all the participants who agreed to take part in the study and provided the required information.