Hydrological Modeling of Aguibat Ezziar Watershed (Morocco), Comparative Study of Two Different Hydrological Models ()
Received 5 January 2016; accepted 16 February 2016; published 19 February 2016
1. Introduction
Recent years have shown that the water resource mobilization reached a limit, that why it is essential now that this vital resource is managed in an efficient and sustainable manner. Hydrological models are tools to reproduce the operation of water systems, computing a period of rate return data for the design of a hydraulic structure, determination of a flood of a project, real-time flow forecasting on streams [1] . Managing water resources is mostly required at watershed scale [2] given that is the basic hydrologic unit where can be studied the heterogeneity and complexity of processes and interactions linking land surface, climatic factors and human activities [3] . The objective of this study on Aguibat Ezziar watershed is to compare and analyze the dynamics of watershed functioning with the reconstitution of river flow at outlet (Station Aguibat Ezziar). The simulation of water intake in the hydrological station Aguibat Ezziar has been done with the use of a hydrological ATHYS model (Atelier Hydrologique Spatialisé) and HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Modeling System). However, the objective is tested the adaptability and ensures a good performance of these models. In this work, the time step of modeling is daily, this choice due to compare modeled flows with occasional discharge measurements on the hydrometric Aguibat Ezziar station.
2. Study Area
The Aguibat Ezziar watershed covers an area of 3640 km² and an elongated shape. It is located at the northwest of the Bouregreg watershed north central Morocco (Figure 1).
Aguibat Ezziar watershed is situated between an elevation ranging from 1615 m to 80 m at downstream of Bouregreg watershed. Between 1977-2004, the minimum annual rainfall is 336 mm/year in Lala Chafia station, while the maximum is 434 mm/year in Tsalat station. Furthermore, the annual and monthly average is respectively 394 mm and 39 mm (Figure 2).
3. Presentation of Models
ATHYS (ATelier Hydrologique Spatialisé) is rainfall-runoff transformation model, developed by the Research Institute for Development (IRD) of Montpellier. The basic principles of ATHYS are a hydrological environment for distributed modeling, including a series of models, DEM processing, hydrological and rainfall data and geographical display, spatial data interpolation. The flow generated for a rain event (rainfall-runoff transformation) is calculated for each cell, the amount of rain is estimated by the production model which will contribute to runoff. The transfer model calculated the hydrograph produced by each watershed outlet, this calculation is made
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Figure 1. Map situation of Aguibat Ezziar watershed.
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Figure 2. Average monthly rainfall in Aguibat Ezziar watershed.
from the result obtained under the production function. The HEC-HMS is a reliable model developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers that could be used for many hydrological simulations [4] . To facilitate continuous hydrologic modeling, a soil moisture accounting SMA model has been incorporated in HEC-HMS [5] . The model includes many traditional hydrologic analysis procedures such as event infiltration, unit hydrographs [6] , and hydrologic routing. Both models have application limits is that they use a limited number of functions.
4. Methodology and Data Processing
Both models are used to simulate the flow rates daily time in Aguibat Ezziar station from 1996 to 2003. The calibration and validation period is respectively 1996-1999 and 2000-2003. To estimate the parameters of production and transfer models, a manual procedure by the sensitivity analysis had been used. From input data (DTM, precipitation), the hydrological model ATHYS is used to define the daily runoff flow for each cells of Aguibat Ezziar watershed, and also to obtain the drainage network, slope classes…etc. From the effective rainfall, SCS and Top Model functions define the runoff depth. Moreover, Unit hydrograph transfer function calculates the flows for each sub basins outlet, identified as nodes calculation (Tsalat, Lala Chafia and Aguibat Ezziar). The DEM used is a set of elevation points (three coordinates, x, y and z) located every 90 m. The topography is reconstructed by the assembly of these points (Figure 3). The sub-mentioned data helped to define the slope classes (Figure 4), drainage directions (Figure 5), drainage network, sub basins (Figure 6).
In this study, three different production classes have been identified from the topography (slopes), as a file reclassified between 459 classes of natural slopes. Low and middle runoff zone correspond to the plains with slopes from 0 to 200 m/km, while the high runoff zone corresponds to the high slopes mainly on reliefs.
Climatologically information is accurately known in each station. This information must be spatializing on the catchment area. The method of Thiessen polygons was used to define the influence’s area for each station (Table 1).
Table 2 shows the breakdown of the areas of Aguibat Ezziar watershed based in the production classes.
The area of high runoff concerns only 7.31% of the whole watershed area. This area corresponds to the reliefs with bare soil (and/or) with high slopes.
Data preparation for HEC-HMS model was performed manually for the three stations. The SCS Curve Number function is used to model the losses, and is based on knowledge of the type and land use. Runoff modeling is made by the SCS unit hydrograph model that integrates the coefficient Lag Time which can be theoretically determined by the formula “0.6 × concentration times”. To evaluate ours models two statistic coefficients were adopted: Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE, Equation (1)) [7] represented the ratio of the residual variance and the variance of the observed flow [8] and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR, Equation (2)) [9] . The formulas of these coefficients are given in the following equations.
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Figure 6. Hydrographic network & sub basins.
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Table 1. Weight stations by Theissen Method.
(1)
(2)
Yiobs: Observed discharges; Yisim: Simulated discharges; Yimean: Mean of observed discharges.
5. Results and Discussion
In this study, the functions used by ATHYS model are SCS and unit hydrograph for the production and transfer function. The sensitivity analysis has allowed to show the best values of the parameter S (SCS) or STO (Top Model) affecting mainly the peak flow. The decline of the hydrograph explained by the emptying time is generally influenced by the DS parameter. Preferentially, we fix the influenced parameters on the general curve of the hydrograph, namely, the diffusion coefficient (K0), the parameters K1 and Alfa, and the transfer speed of V0, which figures on the transfer function (Table 3).
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Table 3. Parameters of production and transfer functions.
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Figure 7. Simulation of mean monthly flows Simulated in Lala Chafia station over (1996-2004).
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Figure 8. Simulation of mean monthly flows simulated in Aguibat Ezziar station over (1996-2004).
The statistic evaluators showed a good correlation between the monthly observed and simulated river discharge with NSE ATHYS of 0.74, NSE HEC-HMS of 0.73, and RSR ATHYS of 0.39 and RSR HEC-HMS of 0.36 for the calibration period. The validation period revealed good values for NSE 0.73 and RSR 0.32, these model performance for both calibration and validation periods is evaluated as “very good performance rating” which is defined by the flowing ranges: 0 to 0.5 for RSR, 0.75 to 1 for NSE (Figure 7 and Figure 8).
The average difference between the observed and simulated monthly total flow is 4% which confirms a good model’s calibration for the daily time step.
Comparing ATHYS and HEC-HMS models on a long event for a long term (24 h) shows that the behavior of the model HEC-HMS is correct with reproductive hydrograph peaks in calibration, in other hand, ATHYS performance at Aguibat Ezziar station is very good for the stability of the model in continuous mode.
6. Conclusion
The comparison of models performance (ATHYS and HEC-HMS) on Aguibat Ezziar watershed shows that a distributed model like ATHYS plays an effective role to improve the efficiency and present a high advantage in anticipation of runoff volume. While, The HEC-HMS model is very correct with the estimate peaks and so it can be a more effective model for flood forecasting. This study had demonstrated the utility of distributed model and also showed the ability of ATHYS model to be used to simulate the water quantity in semi-arid regions [10] .
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment (S.Water-Dr.Brirhet) for providing the data on the studied boreholes.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.