Biochemical and Anthropometric Markers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Main Dietary Habits of a Waraos Population Sample

Lares Mary, Pérez Elevina, Schroeder Mileibys, Gestne Aure, Case Cynthia, Brito Sara, Ciarfella Ana

.
Departamento de Endocrinología y Enfermedades Metabólicas del Hospital Militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo. San Martín, Caracas, Venezuela.

DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.25063                

Abstract

The goals of the research were to establish the biochemical and anthropometric markers of the Waraos sample population, its frequency of metabolic syndrome, and through a survey, the mains components of its diet: Moriche fruit, plantain, cassava root and its products. A clinical study was including a population of 145 individuals belonging to the Yakariken community Waraos tribe. From this group a random sample of 42 individuals were selected and anthropometric measurements, glucose and insulin in blood serum, insulin resistance by HOMA, blood pressure, as well as lipidic profile were tested. Additionally, samples of the Moriche fruit, plantain unripe fruit, casaba root and “casaba” (cake made from cassava edible pulp) were analyzed. The results obtained showed an average corporal mass index of 23.27 ± 2.52 together with the waist average of 79.51 ± 6.53. The blood screen results demonstrated that in average the basal glucose content was 80.38 ± 12.82 mg/dl, the basal insulin 9.05 ± 6.75, mean of the blood pressure of 90 ± 12, HOMA 1.80 ± 1.78, total cholesterol 133.52 ± 21.42 mg/dl, HDL 37.22 ± 7.88 mg/dl, LDL 82.23 ± 18.20, and the triglycerides 105.12 ± 62.56 mg/dl. The fruits composition had shown high contents of dietary fiber (19.86%), resistant starch (17.61%), and crude fats (18.40%). The results concluded that a diet rich in complex carbohydrates, fibers and unsaturated fatty acids, beside exercise should induce a low insulin resistance with the absence of dislipidemia, reducing the risk for the development of any metabolic syndrome. These results are inherent in low incidence of cardio vascular alterations.

Keywords

Moriche (Mauritia Flexuosa), Glicemic and Response, Waraos Tribe People

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	I. Howard, J. Restrepo, J. Serra and L, Herrera, “Composition and Nutritive Value of Amazonian Palm Fruits,” Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2001, pp. 361-365.
[2]	A. M. da C. Rodrigues, S. Darnet, L. H. M. da Silva, “Fatty Acid Profiles and Tocopherol Contents of Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), Patawa (Oenocarpus bataua), Tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare), Mari (Poraqueiba paraensis) and Inaja (Maximiliana maripa) Fruits,” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, Vol. 21, No. 10, 2010, pp. 2000-2004. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532010001000028
[3]	C. S. Harcourt and J. A. Sayer, “The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: The Americas,” Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996, pp. 7-53.
[4]	Venezuelan’s Eco Regions, “Orinoco Delta Swamp Forests,” 2011. http://ecoalliance.tripod.com/ecoregion-delta.htm
[5]	C. Lubrano and J. R. Robin. “Major Compounds Study in Fruit Pulp Oils of Six Guiana Palms Species,” Acta Botanica Gallica, Vol. 144, No. 4, 1997, pp. 495-499.
[6]	O. Gibert, D. Dufour, A. Giraldo, T. Sánchez, M. Reynes, J.-P. Pain, A. González and A. Fernández, “Differentiation between Cooking Bananas and Dessert Bananas. 1. Morphological and Compositional Characterization of Cultivated Colombian Musaceae (Musa sp.) in Relation to Consumer Preferences,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 57, No. 17, 2009, pp. 7857-7869. doi:10.1021/jf901788x
[7]	H. N. Englyst and J. H. Cummings, “Digestion of the Carbohydrates of Banana (Musa paradisiacal sapientum) in the Human Small Intestine,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1986, pp. 42-50.
[8]	D. J. A. Jenkins, V. Vuksan, C. W. C. Kendall, P. Würsch, R. Jeffcoat, S. Waring, C. C. Mehling, E, Vidgen, L. S. A. EAugustin and E. Wong, “Physiological Effects of Resistant Starches on Fecal Bulk, Short Chain Fatty Acids, Blood Lipids and Glycemic Index,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1998, pp. 609-616.
[9]	H. G. M. Liljeberg, A. K. E. Akerberg and I. M. E. Bj?rck, “Effect of the Glycemic Index and Content of Indigestible Carbohydrates of Cereal-Based Breakfast Meals on Glucose Tolerance at Lunch in Healthy Subjects,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 69, No. 4, 1999, pp. 647-655.
[10]	J. Tovar, I B. Jorck and N. G. Asp, “On the Nutritional Properties of Starch and Dietary Fiber in Cassava Bread Nutrition,” Reports International, Vol. 39, No. 6, 1989, pp. 1237-1246.
[11]	K. W. Heaton, “Cost 92 Metabolic and Physiological Aspects of Dietary Fiber in Food―Recent Progress in the Analysis of Dietary Fibre,” Proceeding of a Workshop, Copenhagen, 28-29 October 1994, pp. 15-39.
[12]	F. W. Howard, “The Animal Class Insect and the Plant Family Palmae,” In: F. W. Howard, D. Moore, R. M. Giblin-Davis and R. G. Abad, Eds., Insects on Palms, CABI, New York, pp. 1-32. doi:10.1079/9780851993263.0001
[13]	M. Grayson, “Nutrigenomics,” Nature, Vol. 468, No. 7327, 2010, p. S1. doi:10.1038/468S1a
[14]	JNC7, “The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressures,” NIH Bethesda, MD, EEUU, 2003, p. 87.
[15]	M. Lares, J. Castro and O. Obregón, “Determinación de la Sensibilidad Insulinica por el Modelo Matemático de Homeostásis Modelo Assessment (HOMA),” Sallus Militiae, Vol. 27, 2000, pp. 32 -34.
[16]	K. Helrich, “Official Methods of Analysis of the A.O. A.C.,” 15th Edition, USA Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, 2000.
[17]	American Association of Cereal Chemist., “Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemist.” The American Association of Cereal Chemists, Minnesota, 2003.
[18]	I. Go?i, L. Garcia, E. Ma?as and F. Saura-Galixto, “Analysis of Resistant Starch: A Method for Foods and Food Products,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1996, pp. 445-449. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(95)00222-7
[19]	Instituto Nacional de Nutrición, “Tabla de Composición de Alimentos para Uso Práctico,” Instituto Nacional de Nutrición, Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, Venezuela.
[20]	R. P. Donahue, R. D. Abbotty, E. Bloom, D. M. Reed and K. Yano, “Central Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease in Men,” The Lancet, Vol. 329, No. 8537, 1987, pp. 821-824. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91605-9
[21]	F. Zurlo, S. Lillioja, A. E.-D. Puente, B. L. Nyomba, I. Raz, M. F. Saad, et al., “Low Ratio of Fat to Carbohydrate, Oxidation as Predictor of Weight Gain: Study of 24-H RQ,” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 259, No. 5, 1990, pp. 650-657.
[22]	C. Case, A. Palma, S. Brito, M. Lares and E. Pérez, “Factores de Riesgo Asociado a Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 en Indios Waraoss, Venezuela,” Interciencia, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2006, pp. 309-311.
[23]	Comité de Expertos de la OMS Sobre el Estado Físico, “El Estado FíSICO: Uso e Interpretación de la Antropometría,” Serie de Informes Técnicos, Vol. 854, 1995. http://www.who.int/childgrowth/publications/physical_status_es/en/index.html
[24]	Comité de Expertos de la OMS Sobre la Obesidad, “Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic,” Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, WHO Technical Report Series, 2000.
[25]	A. Blanco-Metzler, J. Tovar and M. Fernández-Piedra, “Caracterización Nutricional de los Carbohidratos y Composición Centesimal de Raíces y Tubérculos Tropicales Cocidos, Cultivados en Costa Rica,” Archivos Latinoame-Ricanos de Nutrición, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2004, pp. 322-327.
[26]	C. Case, M. Lares, E. Pérez, A. Palma, S. Brito and M. Schroeder, “Blood Glucose and Serum Lipid Levels in the Venezuelan Waraos Tribe: Possible Relationship with Moriche Fruit (Mauritia flexousa) Intake,” Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovasculr Diseases, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-2.
[27]	D. Liese, X. Hans-Werner, H. Bernner, H. Lowel, and U. Keil, “Assessing the Impact of Classical Risk Factors on Myocardial Infarction by Rate Advancement Periods,” Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 152, No. 9, 2000, pp. 884-888. doi:10.1093/aje/152.9.884
[28]	D. M. Hegsted, L. M. Ausman, J. A. Johnson and G. E. Dallal, “Dietary Fat and Serum Lipids: an Evaluation of the Experimental Data,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 57, 1993, pp. 875-883.
[29]	J. Dyerberg, H. O. Bang, E. Stoffersen, S. Moncada and J. R. Vane, “Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Prevention of Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis?” The Lance, Vol. 312, No. 8081, 1978, pp. 117-119. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91505-2
[30]	I. Astiasarán, A. Martínez, “Alimentos Composición y Propiedades,” McGraw-Hill—Interamericana de Espa?a, S. A. U. Primera Edición,Madrid, 2000.
[31]	W. Coppens and B. Escalante, “Los Aborígenes de Venezuela,” Fundación Las Salle, Monte Avila, Caracas, 1988, pp. 585-689.
[32]	ISOGG (International Society of Genetic Genealogy), “árbol de Haplogrupos de ADN-Y 2010 de la International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG),” Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2011, Version. 6.53, 2011. http://www.isogg.org/tree/
[33]	F. Ahmed, “Health: Edible advice,” Nature Outlook, Vol. 468, No. 7327, 2010, pp S10-S12. doi:10.1038/468S10a
[34]	P. Barter, A. M. Gotto, J. C. L. Rosa, J. Maroni, M. Szarek, S. M. Grudy, et al., “HDL Colesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Colesterol and Cardiovascular Events,” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 357, 2007, pp. 1301-1310. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064278
[35]	S. Ragbir and J. Farmer, “Disfuncional High-Density Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports, Vol. 12, No. 5, 2010, pp. 343-348. doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0091-x
[36]	A. E. Sumner, J. Zhou, A. Doumatey, O. E. Imoisili, A. Amoah, J. Acheampong, J. Oli, T. Johnson, C. Ade-Bamowo and C. N. Retiming, “Low HDL―Cholesterol with Normal Triglyceride Levels is the Most Common Lipid Pattern in West Africans and African Americans with Metabolic Syndrome: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention,” CVD Prevention and Control, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2010, pp. 75-80. doi:10.1016/j.cvdpc.2010.07.003
[37]	M. R. Akpa, D. Agomoah and D. D. Alasia, “Lipid Profile of Healthy Adult Nigerians in Port Harcourt, Nigeria,” Nigeria Journal of Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2006, pp. 137-140.