Physics as Final Opportunity to Prevent Harms Related to Theatricalization of Meteorology ()
1. Introduction
The advent of supercomputers and satellites could, if their valuable information is used solely for the theatricalization of weather phenomena, trigger the decline of meteorology. Indeed, many meteorologists become proud to excess (similar to cinematograph films stars) from the time they work in structures with worldwide reputation. These celebrities of a different kind refuse any contradiction (including the most relevant) and unfortunately convey erroneous and inconsistent information during their numerous interventions in the workshops. Fortunately, physics appears today as final opportunity to prevent harms related to excessive theatricalization of meteorology. Fortuitously, the application of Mbane Biouele formula derived 2009 on troposphere thermoelastic properties [1-5] and its related corollaries lead to appropriate and unique profiles of major weather disturbances which show without any dough for us that both cyclones and tornadoes have their weak-point or talon d’Achilles and should not be viewed with fatalism. We hope that this unexpected reality will remind each researcher that much remains to be done to promote our knowledge of the atmosphere disturbances that have both a large and a strong destructive power.
2. Mbane Biouele Formula on the Troposphere Thermoelastic Properties
2.1. Atmosphere Dynamics Concept of Air Particle
Atmosphere Dynamics use a set of assumptions (previously uncontested) to define the particle or parcel of air [6-8]. Especially:
1) Few exchanges on molecular scale: it is easy to follow quantity of air which preserves certain properties.
2) Quasi-static equilibrium: at any moment there is dynamic balance, i.e., the particle has the same pressure as its environment (P = Pext).
3) No thermal balance: heat transfers by conduction are very slow and neglected. One can have T ≠ Text.
4) The horizontal sizes of the air particle can go from a few cm to 100 km according to the applications.
2.2. Mbane Biouele Formula on the Troposphere Thermoelastic Properties
Taking into account the fact that the atmosphere is mainly composed of dry air and water vapor, the Dalton’s law connects the pressure (P) with the partial pressure of dry air (Pa) and saturated water vapor (ew)
(1)
In deriving (P) with respect to the temperature, one has
(2)
According to the Quasi-static equilibrium (or dynamic balance) the pressure of the parcel of air must be the same as that of the ambient air, including during sudden local changes in phases by water contained in this parcel. Reality that all meteorologists restore through the following famous sentence: the phases change takes place at constant pressure. Thereby write Equation (3),
(3)
Equations (2) and (3) lead to the derivative of V compared to T
(4)
Introducing the coefficient of thermal expansion of moist air at constant temperature
(5)
Then the Fundamental Relationship of Atmosphere Dynamic Balance:
(6)
One can also write equation of Atmosphere Dynamic Balance in terms of partial pressures
(7)
is negligible compared to 
Thereby write formula (8) named Mbane Biouele formula on troposphere thermoelastic properties
(8)
Formula (8) leads to a meteorological very useful statement:
At any moment and throughout the atmosphere, one can use formula (8) and Clausius-Clapeyron slope of the equilibrium curves in the eT-diagram (Figure 1) to predict in which direction the air parcel will move (up or down) if its temperature increases or decreases. Table 1 or Figure 2 provides an overview of possible situations throughout the Troposphere.
3. Evidence of Effectiveness of Mbane Biouele Formula (2009)
The two equal level surfaces of water vapor and temperature rating respectively at 6.11 mb and 0.0098˚C
Figure 1. Saturation curves for water substance onto the eT-plane (ewT and TT are triple-point coordinates): ewT = 6.11 mb; TT = 0.0098˚C.
Table 1. Changes in volume of the moist air particle depending on temperature within a specific range of temperature and humidity.
Figure 2. Troposphere specific regions depending on the manner in which V changes with T (V and T are respectively volume and temperature of an air parcel): If (dV/dT) > 0 the particle swells when its temperature increases (so it becomes lighter), if (dV/dT) < 0 the particle shrinks when its temperature increases (so it becomes less light). Zmax are statistical value of observed maximum elevation of equal level surfaces of temperature and water vapor rating respectively at 0.0098˚C and 6.11 × 10−3 bars.
(Figure 2) separate clearly parts of the troposphere where ideal gas assumption can be applied without too distort reality to parts of the troposphere where this assumption is banned: hence appropriate and unique plots of thunderclouds profiles of wind and electric charges and earth’s atmosphere tricellular circulation.
3.1. Thunderclouds Winds’ Profiles and Related Electrical Charges
All natural meteorological phenomena included Hurricanes and Cyclones can be traced to the manner in which the energy from the sun is received over different parts of the earth. Since the troposphere is a medium in which mass motions are easily started, convection is found to be one of the chief ways in which heat is transferred there. This transfer may be accomplishing either by vertical or by horizontal motions. According to our results: warmer disturbances that occur in lower-troposphere are dissipated by a typical mass motion usually called Hurricanes (or tornadoes) while cooler disturbances that occur in mid-troposphere are dissipated by another typical mass motion called Cyclones. Knowing that Coriolis force act to west on updrafts, everyone can now understand why Hurricane and Cyclone move preferentially from East to West due to the localization in updrafts of their heat sources. Cyclones’ heat source is made of huge and cooler fogs (those observed temperatures are less than −45˚C) which can travel even increase (over hot oceans) in the troposphere while hurricanes’ heat source is fixed on the Ground: that’s why Cyclone lives and travels longer than Hurricane.
a) Schematic representations of Hurricanes and related cloud or electrical systems
Hurricanes appear (Figure 3(a)) as very high towers (from 0 to about 9 Km) consisting of three floors: warm updrafts occupying the first and third while warm downdrafts occupies the second floor. According to ground based observations, over-land hurricanes (or tornadoes) trigger thunderclouds whose base is thin compared to the peak which is very broad. Lower troposphere updrafts of Figure 3(a) can, in the same place, simultaneously trigger (due to wind-stress and adiabatic expansion) electrical positive charges and dark-cloud (Stratus) as suggested in Figure 3b)(. The broadest peaks of the related clouds indicate the presence of the second floor warm downdrafts that prevent the progression of the first floor warm updrafts. Figure 3(a) is completely different to theatrical Figure 3(c) which contains many contradictions. e.g.: 1) Tornado or Cyclone eyes are known as a low pressure: the diagram says otherwise placing the eye at the center of divergence; 2) the veil of thick and very high white cloud (named Cumulonimbus) that envelops the black cloud formation is present nowhere in the earth’s atmosphere (including on pictures taken on Tornadoes); 3) downdrafts generally do not create the clouds and cannot trigger tornadoes dark clouds as shown in the diagram.
b) Schematic representations of Cyclones and related cloud or electrical systems
Cyclones appear (Figure 4(a)) as very high towers (from 0 to about 14 Km) consisting of three floors: cooler downdrafts occupying 1st and 3rd while cooler updrafts occupy the 2nd floor. There is good agreement between aircraft-based observations and related cyclones second floor updrafts convective clouds whose base has to be located above 0.0098˚C isotherm surface. Mid troposphere downdrafts of Figure 4(a) can, in the same place, simultaneously trigger (due to wind-stress and rapid-cooling of troposphere lower layers below their dew point temperature) electrical positive charges and darkcloud (Stratus) as suggested in Figure 4(b). View from the ground surface, the three cloud systems of Figure 4(b) appear to the observer as a single very high vertical extension cloud named Cumulonimbus by meteorologist. The same clouds system, seen from an airplane flying at 7000 meters, is as shown in Figure 4(b). i.e.: Low-altitudes stratus above which is placed a single cumulus whose base is broader than its top.
c) Schematic representations of Hurricane and Cyclone horizontal winds
Observed pressure near the eyes of Cyclones (or hurricane) is very low and concentrates a rapid decrease in a short distance so that the momentum of particles of air,
(a) 
(b) 
(c)
Figures 3. Schematic representations of Hurricanes and related cloud or electrical systems. Hurricanes’ new-formed clouds are gray while old-formed clouds are blue.
(a) 
(b)
Figures 4. Schematic representations of Cyclones and related cloud or electrical systems. Cyclones’ new-formed clouds are gray while old-formed clouds are blue.
the frictional force and the tidal force are (from surface of the earth to tropopause) negligible compared to the Coriolis and pressure-gradient forces. When pressure gradient and Coriolis forces are the only two factors acting, geostrophic winds (rotative in the Northern hemisphere and contra-rotative in the Southern hemisphere) immediately take place (Figures 5) within deep and passive convections. The impact of hurricanes footprint (less than a dozen kilometers in diameter) is much lower than that of cyclones (several tens of kilometers in diameter).
d) Thermodynamic or chemical constraints on rain
Clouds are physical systems consisting of water particles. Even if the volume of a water particle is large; as long as its density rw(z) remains less than that of the surrounding air rA(z), the particle remain suspended in the
Figures 5. Schematic representations of Cyclones and Tornadoes geostrophic balance winds.
air. For causing its fall: the water particle must be contaminated with a soluble chemical substance having density greater than rA (at z = 0). Natural Contaminations are performed with carbon dioxide; sulfur emitted by volcanoes or sprays emitted by the oceans, etc. Acid rains reflect this thermodynamic constraint. Clouds separate themselves with favorably contaminated water particles and that give rise to rainfall or snowfall.
3.2. Relationship between Cloud Formation’s Additional Green House and Tornadoes
Considering the molecular scale, our model (Figure 6) based on Mbane Biouele formula (2009) suggests blocking of hot updrafts by hot down drafts which means installation of an additional greenhouse that triggers the superposition of cloud formation latent heat with earth’s surface radiate heat
. This is consistent with based observations and explains high surface temperatures that accompany the formation of clouds in the sunny sky. Furthermore, Tornadoes look like little-bombs triggered by cloud’s additional greenhouse. Indeed, Rayleigh and Reynolds numbers of passive convection motions depend mainly on air parcel temperature and humidity. Within additional greenhouse, temperature and water vapor increase exponentially and finally (as atmosphere is a dissipative system) trigger violent adiabatic expansion or tornadoes (as Rayleigh and Reynolds numbers become higher and generate turbulent motions). Thermodynamic processes that govern the formation of tornadoes or hurricane (Figures 3(a) and (b)) are well known now.
3.3. Appropriate and Unique Representation of Earth’s Atmosphere General Circulation
According to our previous study [9], the presence of water substance in all three states in the earth’s atmosphere gives to troposphere the exclusivity of a general circulation consists of three groups of passive convective cells (Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar) on either side of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone). These cells (H, F, and P) take place within areas bounded by both tropopause and the two equal level surfaces of water vapor and temperature rating respectively at 6.11 mb and 0.0098˚C as suggested in Figure 7.
4. Conclusions and Comments
All natural meteorological events including hurricanes and cyclones can be traced to the manner in which the energy from the sun is received over different parts of the earth. Since the troposphere is a medium in which mass motions are easily started, convection is found to be one of the chief ways in which heat is transferred there. This
Figure 6. Clouds formation additional green house.
Figure 7. Schematic representation of the General Circulation, derived from Mbane Biouele formula (2009) and related corollaries.
transfer may be accomplished either by vertical or by horizontal motions. According to our results: warmer disturbances that occur in lower-troposphere are dissipated by a typical mass motion usually called Hurricanes (or tornadoes) while cooler disturbances that occur in mid-troposphere are dissipated by another typical mass motion called Cyclones. Thermal and Kinematic profiles of atmosphere disturbances that have both a large and a strong destructive power clearly indicate that these terrible events for men should not be viewed with fatalism. Viewing the urgency to perform our knowledge of tornadoes or cyclones and erasing our great fear of these events, theatricalization of meteorology becomes something unacceptable. Our research field (meteorology in this case) can be popularized while remaining serious about what is presented to those who consume it. We hope that one day the weak-points of hurricanes and tornadoes will be exploited to neutralize them. e.g., although costly, procedures to extinguish the huge forest fires are developed and used successfully. It is possible, we reflect deeply on this issue, that the neutralization of tornadoes requires less effort than those made to forest fires.
Acknowledgements
Author of this paper gratefully acknowledge the following University Institutions and Professors: 1) The University of California in Los Angeles (USA) who kindly provided a geospatial measurement station called “AMBER MAGNETOMETER” to the University of Yaoundé I (Cameroon); The Air Force Research Laboratory (Boston University), which has equipped the University of Yaoundé I with two geospatial measurement stations called “SCINDA SENSORS” and The University of Yaoundé I which offered modern facilities with Internet Connection, to accommodate both stations. 2) Professors: Mark B. Moldwin (Atmospheric-Oceanic and space Sciences Research Laboratory, University of Michigan (USA)) and Endawoke Yizengaw (Institute for Scientific Research (USA)), for their very kind collaboration.