Predictive models of ethanol concentrations in simulated exhaled breath and exhaled breath condensate under varied sampling conditions

Abstract

Breath monitoring is a non-invasive, safe, and repeatable approach to determining the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and general health status of humans and other mammals. Breath samples could be detected in two ways—directly sensing exhaled breath (EB) or chilling the EB to obtaining the exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Each has its advantages and disadvantages but they are both affected by different sampling conditions. The dearth of information on how sampling conditions affect the intrinsic properties of biomarkers in breath hinders the use of breath monitoring in clinical use. In this study, ethanol, a potential biomarker of liver function, was chosen as a model biomarker to demonstrate the effect of sampling conditions on different phases and how breath sampling could be standardized by developing predictive models. EB and EBC samples were determined under three simulated breath temperatures, two breath rates, and two condensing temperatures for developing predictive models. Results showed EB samples were affected by breath temperatures and EBC samples were affected by condensing temperatures. Flow rate changes did not have a significant influence on both EB and EBC samples. Final predictive models based on 5 minute sensing time were developed for EB (R2 = 0.8261) and EBC (R2 = 0.9471).

Share and Cite:

Chen, S. and Danao, M. (2013) Predictive models of ethanol concentrations in simulated exhaled breath and exhaled breath condensate under varied sampling conditions. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 6, 788-795. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2013.68096.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] [1] Horváth, I., Hunt J. and Barnes, P.J. (2005) Exhaled breath condensate: Methodological recommendations and unresolved questions. European Respiratory Journal, 26, 523-548. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00029705
[2] Grob, N.M., Aytekin M. and Dweik R.A. (2008) Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate: A review of collection, processing and analysis. Journal of Breath Research, 2, 037004. doi:10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037004
[3] Knutson, M.D. and Viteri F.E. (1996) Concentrating breath samples using liquid nitrogen: A reliable method for the simultaneous determination of ethane and pentane. Analytical Biochemistry, 242, 129-135. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0438
[4] Grote, C. and Pawliszyn, J. (1997) Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of human breath. Analytical Chemistry,69, 587-596. doi:10.1021/ac960749l
[5] Montusch, P. (2007) Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: Methodological aspects and potential clinical applications. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 1, 5-23. doi:10.1177/1753465807082373
[6] Chapman, E.A., Thomas, P.S. and Yates, D.H. (2010) Breath analysis in asbestos-related disorders: A review of the literature and potential future applications. Journal of Breath Research, 4, 034001. doi:10.1088/1752-7155/4/3/034001
[7] Hunt, J. (2007) Exhaled breath condensate pH assays. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 27, 597-606. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2007.09.006
[8] Bell, C.M. and Flack, H.J. (1995) Examining variables associated with sampling for breath alcohol analysis. http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/misc/driving/s5p3.htm
[9] Bell, C.M. and Flack, H.J. (1995) Development of a system for real-time breath alcohol analysis. http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/misc/driving/s30p16.htm
[10] Reinhold, P., Jaeger J. and Schroeder, C. (2006) Evaluation of methodological and biological influences on the collection and composition of exhaled breath condensate. Biomarkers, 11, 118-142. doi:10.1080/13547500600572764
[11] Schleiss, M.B., Holz, O., Behnke, M., Richter, K., Magnussen H. and Jorres, R.A. (2000) The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air depends on expiratory flow rate. European Respiratory Journal, 16, 1115-1118. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16f16.x
[12] Huszár, é., et al. (2002) Adenosine in exhaled breath condensate in healthy volunteers and in patients with asthma. European Respiratory Journal, 20, 1393-1398. doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00005002
[13] Corradi, M., et al. (2003) Aldehydes and glutathione in exhaled breath condensate of children with asthma exacerbation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167, 395-399. doi:10.1164/rccm.200206-507OC
[14] Loyola, B.R., Bhushan, A., Schivo, M., Kenyon, N.J. and Davis, C.E. (2008) Temperature changes in exhaled breath condensate collection devices affect observed acetone concentrations. Journal of Breath Research, 2, 037005. doi:10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037005
[15] Vaughan, J., et al. (2003) Exhaled breath condensate pH is a robust and reproducible assay of airway acidity. European Respiratory Journal, 22, 889-894. doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00038803
[16] Galassetti, P.R., et al. (2005) Breath ethanol and acetone as indicators of serum glucose levels: An initial report. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 7, 115-123. doi:10.1089/dia.2005.7.115
[17] Risby, T.H. (2001) Chapter 3: Volatile organic compounds as markers in normal and diseases states. In: Marczin, N. and Yacoub, M.H., Eds., Disease Markers in Exhaled Breath: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications, NATO ASI Series, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 113-122.
[18] Cope, K., Risby, T. and Diehl, A.M. (2000) Increased gastrointestinal ethanol production in obese mice: Implications for fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology, 119, 1340-1347. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.19267
[19] Chen, S.F. and Danao, M.C. (2010) Modeling the effects of exhaled breath condensate collection conditions on biomarker concentrations. 2010 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting, Pittsburgh, 20-23 June 2010, 1009286.
[20] Chang, H.K. and Mortola, J.P. (1981) Fluid dynamic factors in tracheal pressure measurement. Journal of Applied Physiology, 51, 218-225.
[21] Ultman, J.S. (1985) Gas transport in the conducting airway. In: Engel, L.A. and Paiva, M., Eds., Gas Mixing and Distribution in the Lung. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 63-136.
[22] Begg, T.B., Hill, I.D. and Nickolls, L.C. (1964) Breathalyzer and Kitagawa-Wright methods of measuring breath alcohol. British Medical Journal, 1, 9-15. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5374.9
[23] Jones, A.W. (1982) Effects of temperature and humidity of inhaled air on the concentration of ethanol in a man’s exhaled breath. Clinical Science, 63, 441-445.
[24] Yamamoto, K. and Ueda, M. (1972) Studies on breath alcohol analysis for the estimation of blood alcohol levels. Forensic science, 1, 207-224. doi:10.1016/0300-9432(72)90044-1
[25] Huang, D. and Chen, Z. (2010) Reinvestigation of the Henry’s law constant for hydrogen peroxide with temperature and acidity variation. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22, 570-574. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60147-9
[26] Sander, R. (1999) Compilation of Henry’s law constants for inorganic and organic species of potential importance in environmental chemistry (Version 3). http://www.henrys-law.org
[27] Motulsky, H. and Christopoulos, A. (2004) Fitting models to biological data using linear and nonlinear regression: A practical guide to curve fitting. Oxford University Press, New York.
[28] Refaeilzadeh, P., Tang, L. and Liu, H. (2009) Cross-valid ation. In: Liu, L. and Ozsu, M., Eds., Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer, New York, 532-538. doi:10.1007/SpringerReference_63669

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.