The Properties and Fast Algorithm of Quaternion Linear Canonical Transform ()
1. Introduction
The linear canonical transform (LCT) is a new tool that comes into being in signal processing [1]- [32]. The LCT is the generalization of the FRFT and so on [2][3][12]. Up till now there have been a lot of papers involving the FRFT and the LCT, such as papers [1]- [10]. However, none of them has involved the LCT of quaternion signals (or Hyper-complex signals) even if there has been similar work on FRFT [5]. Quaternion signals can be taken as the generalization of scalar, complex signals and vector, and after the introduction of quaternion signals by Hamilton in 1843 [11]it has become one basic tool for multi-channel and multi-dimensional space. For example, grey image [30]can be taken as scalar, and the analytic signal after Hilbert transformation [12][13][14][15][16][29]is complex signal. The color image can be taken as one vector [17][18], a quaternion number whose real part is zero. In [19], the transform, convolution and correlation have been addressed in fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) domain. In this paper we first propose the definition of the QLCT, QCV and QCR in the LCT domain for quaternion signals, which are the generalization of those in [5]. Meanwhile, some properties and the fast algorithm of QLCT are discussed. We also discover the relationship of QCV and QCR in the LCT domain for quaternion signals. We found that QCV and QCR can be implemented via product theorem in the QLCT domain. Thus we not only yield the generalized frame for scalar, complex signal, vector and quaternion signal [17][20]in the QLCT domain, but also give one new idea and one theoretical base for future engineering use.
In the rest of this paper, we will introduce the definition of QLCT in Section II. We will show the properties in Section III. In Section IV, FRQCV and FRQCR will be addressed. Section V is the fast algorithm. The last section concludes our paper.
2. Definitions of QLCT
For convenience of discussion, we first give some notations used in the following of this paper.
denotes 2D signal in time domain; F is classical Fourier transform operator;
(
in short) is 1D LCT operator, and
is the 1D LCT of
;
is the 2D LCT operator of
;
is classical quaternion Fourier transform operator, and
is quaternion Fourier transform of
; I is equivalence operator; P is odd-even operator; “*” is classical convolution operator; “
” is conjugation operator. “N” is integer set; “R” is real set. Define the product operator of two LCTs’ transform parameter systems:
where
. Quaternion signals are also called Hypercomplex signals, which are the generalization of complex signals. Complex signals have two components: the real part and the imaginary part. However, one quaternion signal has four parts, one real component and three imaginary parts:
(1)
where
,
are three imaginary units, which satisfy the following relations:
,
,
,
.
,
. If
, then
is called vector, and
is called scalar.
and
are complex signals. Since the sequences of i, j and k will affect the result, the definition of QLCT would take them into account.
Definition 1: For any quaternion signal
(
,
,
,
are real ones), the QLCT of
is
(2-1)
where,
,
. Meanwhile, in the following of this paper we assume
,
and
.
The reversibility transform is defined as
(2-2)
where,
,
.
If
, definition 1 is quaternion Fourier transform; if
, definition 1 is classical 1D Fourier transform of
for variable x; if
,
, definition 1 is classical 1D Fourier transform of
for variable y; if
, definition 1 is equivalence transform of
. As shown above, definition 1 is the generalization of the fractional quaternion Fourier transform and the quaternion Fourier transform [18][19][20][21]. The reversibility (or reconstruction) is one important property for one transform, especially for the processing in another domain. The following gives the proof of the reversibility property.
Theorem 1: One quaternion
can be reconstructed from
via QLCT.
Proof: The proof is trivial and omitted here.
3. The Properties of QLCT
In the following section we list the properties and present the proof.
Property 1: For any one quaternion signal
, the following relationship is true:
.
Proof: Since QLCT is one linear transform, property 1 can be easily obtained from definition 1.
Property 2:
. Proof: For any one quaternion signal
, from definition 1 we can obtain
(3)
For 1D signal the right formula is true [2]:
(4)
Substitute (4) into (3):
Therefore,
(5)
The result can be obtained similarly:
(6)
From (5) (6):
Property 3:
,
.
Proof: This property can be obtained from property 2.
Property 4: If
, then
,
,
.
Proof: Let
,
,
,
, and insert them into (2):
(7)
Let
, and substitute them in (7):
It can be obtained as well:
and
.
We can draw the conclusion that transformed signal of the odd is odd, and even is even.
Property 5: If
, then
.
Proof: From property 2,
then
.
QLCT doesn’t satisfy Parseval’s principle. Meanwhile, it is hard to find one obvious relationship between QLCT and Wigner-Ville time-frequency plane. Some other properties [2]cannot find physical interpretation in QLCT domains.
4. FRQCV and FRQCR
Convolution and correlation play an important role in signal processing, especially for linear system design and filter design, etc. The convolution in time domain is to the product in Fourier transform domain, that is to say, the classical convolution in time domain can be implemented in Fourier transform domain via FFT, which is beneficial for real-time engineering use. In classical time-frequency analysis correlation is special convolution in that the original signals are implemented via conjugation and so on. This is very important for engineering use [17][20][24]. The key to this paper is to discover the relationships in fractional quaternion Fourier transform domain between them so that we can find the physical interpretation as that of the classical Fourier transform. Paper [26]yielded fractional convolution and product theorem for 1D signals first, however, it didn’t give the similar physical interpretation as that of the classical theorem. Later papers [27][28][29]obtained similar result as the classical theorems. However, they are only for 1D signals. In this section the QCV and QCR of the LCT would be discussed, and can be implemented via FFT.
4.1. Fractional Convolution and Product Theorem
In the following, four theorems are yielded, and theorem 2 and 3 are suitable for scalar and complex signals, and theorem 4 and 5 are suitable for scalar, complex signals, vector and quaternion signals.
Theorem 2: For any real scalar or complex signal
and convolution kernel
,
where
,
,
,
,
, then:
(8)
Proof:
(9)
Substitute (9) with
:
From theorem 2 it can be concluded that the convolution of scalar or complex signal is to the product, frequency-modulated by a chirp, of them in linear canonical transform.
Theorem 3: For any real scalar or complex signal
and convolution kernel
,
where
,
,
,
,
,
, then
(10)
Proof:
Substitute
in above equation
Therefore,
.
Theorem 4: For one given quaternion function
and convolution kernel function
where
,
,
,
.
Set
,
, and define
where,
,
,
,
,
,
, then
(11)
Proof:
From theorem 2 it can be obtained
From the linear property of fractional Fourier transfor
From theorem 4 we draw the conclusion that the convolution of two quaternion signals is to the summation of product of their components, conjugated or odd-even operated, and the product is frequency modulated by chirps. Meanwhile, it must be noted that the orders of i and j in cannot be disordered.
Theorem 5: For any two quaternion signals
and
where
,
,
,
, set
and
,
where
,
,
,
, then
(12)
Proof: Since
From theorem 3, it can be obtained:
From the linear property of Fourier transform:
From theorem 5 we draw the conclusion that, the product, frequency modulated by a chirp, of two quaternion signals is to the summation, amplitude modulated, of their pseudo convolution.
4.2. FRQCR
Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.
Theorem 6 is suitable for scalar and complex signals, and theorem 7 is suitable for scalar, complex signals, vector and quaternion signals.
Theorem 6: For two scalar (or complex) signals
and
,
,
,
,
, and set
(13)
Proof: the proof is similar with that of FRQCV and is omitted here.
From theorem 6 we draw the conclusion that correlation can be implemented by convolution.
Theorem 7: For any two quaternion signals
and
,
,
,
,
, and let
, “
” is correlation operator, then
(14)
Proof: The proof is similar with that of FRQCV and is omitted here.
From theorem 7 we draw the conclusion that the correlation of two quaternion signals is to the summation of convolution of their components, conjugated or odd-even operated. It means that correlation can be implemented by convolution via FFT.
5. Fast Algorithm of QLCT
Fast algorithm of QLCT is the key to engineering use. The following discusses the efficient implementation in great detail through the decomposition of quaternion [24]and the definition of the QLCT. For one quaternion function
, from definition 1 we have
where,
,
,
,
are real signals.
Let
(17)
Then,
(18)
(19)
Therefore,
(20)
Therefore,
(21)
Then the following task is to implement
.
can be expressed as
where,
,
.
Therefore,
(22)
can be Calculated by two 2D FFT and some scaling transform. The steps of calculating QLCT:
1) Calculate
from
using (16);
2) Calculate
from
using (22) and (17);
3) Calculate
and
using (16);
4) At last Calculate
using (20) and (21).
For one 2D discrete signal with size M × N, one 2D-DFT needs
real number multiplications [25]. To implement
, we require
real number multiplications. Therefore, the complexity of quaternion signal
is
. And the complexity of scalar, complex signal and vector is:
,
,
.
For any discrete 2D signal
(
), it can be expressed as:
where:
If in the right side of
there is only one term, we call
symmetric;
If
, we call
symmetric about x;
If
, we call
symmetric about y;
If any above relationship is not true, we call
asymmetric.
The symmetry is of great importance to greatly decreasing the calculation complexity of them. Table 1 lists the calculation complexity of different types of signals. It gives the conclusion that the symmetry can decrease the calculation complexity by a few times. Meanwhile, the calculation complexity will increase with the number of components by a few times.
Meanwhile, the calculation complexity of QLCT for different signals is multiplications. Also, the complexity of QCV and QCR for the same type of signals is the same and is much less than calculation in time-domain directly.
Figure 1 shows one intuitive result. The QCR of the quaternion signal
and kernel
is calculated. We take different signals (scalar, complex, vector and quaternion) as the convolution kernel
. The red lines denote the complexity of implementing QCR in time domain directly, and the blue lines denote the complexity of implementing QCR via FFT. For example,
Table 1. The calculation complexity of QLCT for different signals.
Figure 1. The comparison of complexity via FFT and calculation directly.
when the size is 60, there is one nearly-ten-times relationship. Moreover, with the increase of size the gap would become bigger and bigger.
6. Conclusion
One contribution of this paper is that the definition of QLCT is obtained, and its properties are given, and its generalization is proved. The reversibility property disclosed the efficiency of QLCT. The linear property indicated that LCT is linear transform. Another contribution of this paper is that the QCV and QCR of LCT are defined and their relationships and physical interpretation are discovered: the fractional convolution of two quaternion signals is to the summation of product of their components, conjugated or odd-even operated, and the product is frequency modulated by chirps; and the product, frequency modulated by a chirp, of two quaternion signals is to the summation, amplitude modulated, of their pseudo convolution; and the correlation of two quaternion signals is to the summation of convolution of their components, which are conjugated or odd-even operated. The last contribution is that the complexity of QLCT, QCV and QCR are given, and its Fast Algorithm is obtained through implementing them via the product theorem in transformed domain whose complexity is similar to FFT, which is of great importance to engineering use [31][32].
Acknowledgements
This work was fully supported by the NSFCs (61471412, 61771020, 61002052, 61250006).