Comments for Current Interpretation EEG Alpha Activity: A Review and Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Exploring the EEG alpha oscillations generates considerable interest because there is well known its role in cognitive and psycho emotional aspects of human life. However, till now there isn’t well determined definition what is alpha activity phenomena and which indices are characterize it. Method: This article focuses on the attempt to determine EEG alpha-activity phenomena, its physical, molecular and morphological nature, to highlight its indices and their role in optimal functioning. Results: Specifically, this article examines individual alpha activity indices: 1) the individual alpha peak frequency; 2) activation magnitude measured by estimation the amount of alpha amplitude suppression in response to eyes open and individual alpha band width; 3) three alpha “autorhythmicity” indices: intra-spindle amplitude variability, spindle length and steepness. Conclusions: Throughout, the article provides a number of suggestions which alpha activity indices and in which conditions could be applied in psycho physiological investigations, what is their role in optimal functioning and what are possible directions for future research.

Share and Cite:

O. Bazanova, "Comments for Current Interpretation EEG Alpha Activity: A Review and Analysis," Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, Vol. 2 No. 2, 2012, pp. 239-248. doi: 10.4236/jbbs.2012.22027.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] J. C. Eccles, “How the Self Controls Its Brain,” Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49224-2
[2] R. N. Singer, “Preperformance State, Routines, and Automaticity: What Does It Take to Realize Expertise in Self-Paced Events?” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Vol. 24, 2002, pp. 359-375.
[3] D. Vernon, “Human potential: Exploring Techniques Used to Enhance Human Performance,” Routledge, London, 2009.
[4] T. Keefe, “Optimal Functioning: The Eastern Ideal in Psychotherapy,” Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1978, pp. 16-24. doi:10.1007/BF01815860
[5] J. Baumeister, K. Reinecke, H. Liesen and M. Weiss, “Cortical Activity of Skilled Performance in a Complex Sports Related Motor Task,” European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 104, No. 4, 2008, pp. 625-631. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0811-x
[6] O. M. Bazanova, A. V. Gvozdev, F. A. Mursin, E. G. Verevkin and M. B. Shtark, “EEG-EMG Dimensionality of the Musical Performance,” Cognitive Processing, Vol. 4, 2003, pp. 33-47.
[7] O. M. Bazanova and L. I. Aftanas, “Individual Measures of Electroencephalogram Alpha Activity and Non-Verbal Creativity,” Neuroscience and Behavavioral Physiology, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2008, pp. 227-235. doi:10.1007/s11055-008-0034-y
[8] F. Hummel, R. Saur, S. Lasogga, C. Erb M. Plewnia, D. Wildgruber, W. Grodd and C. Gerloff, “To Act or Not to Act: Neural Correlates of Executive Control of Learned Motor Behavior,” NeuroImage, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2004, pp. 1391-1401. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.070
[9] E. Basar, “The Theory of the Whole-Brain-Work,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2006, pp. 133-138. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.12.007
[10] W. Klimesch, P.Sauseng and S. Hanslmayr, “EEG Alpha Oscillations: The Inhibition-Timing Hypothesis,” Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2007, pp. 63-88. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003
[11] E. Niedermeyer, “The Normal EEG of the Waking Adult,” In: E. Niedermeyer and F. Lopes da Silva, Eds. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields, 4th Edition, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999, pp. 149-173.
[12] P. Nunez, B. Wingeier and R. Silberstein, “Spatial-Temporal Structures of Human Alpha Rhythms: Theory, Microcurrent Sources, Multiscale Measurements, and Global Binding of Networks,” Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2001, pp. 125-164. doi:10.1002/hbm.1030
[13] E. Angelakis, S. Stathopoulou and J. L. Frymiare, “EEG Neurofeedback: A Brief Overview and an Example of Peak Alpha Frequency Training for Cognitive Enhancement in the Elderly,” Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2007, pp. 110-129. doi:10.1080/13854040600744839
[14] O. M. Bazanova, “Individual Alpha Peak Frequency Variability and Reproducibility in Various Experimental Conditions,” Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat im IP Pavlova, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2011, pp. 102-111.
[15] G. S. Hooper, “Comparison of the Distributions of Classical and Adaptively Aligned EEG Power Spectra,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2005, pp. 179-189. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.07.008
[16] R. J. Barry, A. R. Clarke, S. J. Johnstone and C. R. Brown, “EEG Differences in Children between Eyes-Closed and Eyes-Open Resting Conditions,” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 120, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1806-1811. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.006
[17] K. Kirschfeld, “The Physical Basis of Alpha Waves in the Electroencephalogram and the Origin of the ‘Berger Effect’,” Biological Cybernetics, Vol. 92, No. 3, 2005, pp. 177-185. doi:10.1007/s00422-005-0547-1
[18] O. M. Bazanova and L. I. Aftanas, “Relationships between Learnability and Individual Indices of EEG Alpha Activity,” Annals of General Psychiatry, Vol. 5, Suppl. 1, 2006, pp. 74-75. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-5-S1-S74
[19] A. M. Ivanitskiy and A. N. Lebedev, “Solving the Riddle of the Brain Rhythms,” Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat im IP Pavlova, Vol. 57, No. 5, 2007, pp. 636-640.
[20] I. Timofeev, F. Grenier, M. Bazhenov, A. R. Houweling, T. J. Sejnowski and M. T. Steriade, “Short- and Medium-Term Plasticity Associated with Augmenting Responses in Cortical Slabs and Spindles in Intact Cortex of Cats in Vivo,” Journal of Physiology, Vol. 542, 2002, pp. 583-598. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013479
[21] R. W. Thatcher, D. M. North and C. J. Biver, “Intelligence and EEG Phase Reset: A Two Compartmental Model of Phase Shift and Lock,” Neuroimage, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2008, pp. 1639-1653. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.009
[22] T. A. Stroganova, E. V. Orekhova and I. N. Posikera, “EEG Alpha Rhythm in Infants,” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 110, No. 6, 1999, pp. 997-1012. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00009-1
[23] O. M. Bazanova, “Age Related Alpha Activity Change Differs for Males and Females and for Low and High Alpha Frequency EEG Pattern,” Revista Espanola de Neuropsicologia, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 82-83.
[24] R. C. Clark, D. Veltmeyer, R. J. Hamilton, E. Simms, R. Paul, D. Hermens and E. Gordon, “Spontaneous Alpha Peak Frequency Predicts Working Memory Performance Across the Age Span,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.12.011
[25] F. C. Baker and I. M. Colrain, “Daytime Sleepiness, Psychomotor Performance, Waking EEG Spectra and Evoked Potentials in Women with Severe Premenstrual Syndrome,” Journal of Sleep Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2010, pp. 214-227. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00782.x
[26] D. Becker, O. D. Creutzfeldt, M. Schwibbe and W. Wuttke, “Electrophysiological and Psychological Changes Induced by Steroid Hormones in Men and Women,” Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, Vol. 80, No. 5, 1980, pp. 674-697.
[27] O. M. Bazanova and E. M. Mernaya, “Alpha-Activity Fluctuations in Various Hormonal States and Associated with Them Musical Performance Proved Differently in the Opposite Individual Alpha Peak Frequency Groups,” Revista Espanola de Neuropsicologia, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2008, pp. 100-101.
[28] S. Solis-Ortiz, M. A. Guevara and M. Corsi-Cabrera, “Performance in a Test Demanding Prefrontal Functions Is Favored by Early Luteal Phase Progesterone: An Electroencephalographic Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol. 27, No. 8, 2004, pp. 1047-1057. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.10.007
[29] M. Tops, J. M. van Peer, A. E. Wester, A. A. Wijers and J. Korf, “State-Dependent Regulation of Cortical Activity by Cortisol: An EEG Study,” Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 404, No. 2, 2006, pp. 39-43. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.038
[30] S. C. Ng and P. Raveendran, “EEG Peak Alpha Frequency as an Indicator for Physical Fatigue Medicon,” IFMBE Proceedings, Vol. 16, 2007, pp. 517-520. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73044-6_132
[31] W. Klimesch, H. Schimke and G. Pfurtscheller, “Alpha Frequency, Cognitive Load and Memory Performance,” Brain Topography, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1993, pp. 241-251. doi:10.1007/BF01128991
[32] O. M. Bazanova, E. M. Mernaya and M. B. Shtark, “Biofeedback in Psychomotor Training. Electrophysiological Basis,” Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2009, pp. 437-454. doi:10.1007/s11055-009-9157-z
[33] C. E. Tenke and J. Kayser, “Reference-Free Quantification of EEG Spectra: Combining Current Source Density (CSD) and Frequency Principal Components Analysis (fPCA),” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 116, No. 12, 2005, pp. 2826-2846. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.08.007
[34] C. M. Smit, M. J. Wright, N. K. Hansell, G. M. Geffen and N. G. Martin, “Genetic Variation of Individual Alpha Frequency (IAF) and Alpha Power in a Large Adolescent Twin Sample,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 61, No. 2, 2006, pp. 235-243. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.004
[35] F. H. Lopes da Silva, “Neural Mechanisms Underlying Brain Waves: From Neural Membranes to Networks,” Electroencaphalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 79, No. 2, 1991, pp. 81-93. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(91)90044-5
[36] M. Steriade, P. Gloor, R. R. Llinas, F. H. Lopes de Silva and M. M. Mesulam, “Basic Mechanisms of Cerebral Rhythmic Activities,” Electroencaphalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 76, No. 3, 1990, pp. 481-508.
[37] M. Steriade and I. Timofeev, “Neuronal Plasticity in Thalamocortical Networks during Sleep and Waking Oscillations,” Neuron, 2003, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 563-576. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00065-5
[38] A. Lüthi and D. A. McCormick, “H-Current: Properties of a Neuronal and Network Pacemaker,” Neuron, Vol. 21, 1998, pp. 9-12.
[39] M. N. Livanov, “Rhythms of the Electroencephalogram and Their Functional Significance,” Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat im IP Pavlova, Vol. 34, 1984, pp. 613-626.
[40] S. Bodenmann, T. Rusterholz, R. Dürr, C. Stoll, V. Bachmann, E. Geissler, K. Jaggi-Schwarz and H. P. Landolt, “The Functional Val158Met Polymorphism of COMT Predicts Interindividual Differences in Brain Alpha Oscillations in Young Men,” Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29, No. 35, 2009, pp. 10855-10862. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1427-09.2009
[41] A. N. Lebedev, “The Neurophysiological Parameters of Human Memory,” Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1994, pp. 254-259. doi:10.1007/BF02362031
[42] A. N. Lebedev, “Mikhail Nikolaevich Livanov (on His 100th Anniversary of His Scientific, Scientific-Organizational, Pedagogical and Public Activities),” Usp Fiziol Nauk, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2006, pp. 87-94.
[43] M. Toscani, T. Marzi, S Righi, M. P Viggiano and S. Baldassi, “Alpha Waves: A Neural Signature of Visual Suppression,” Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 207, No. 3-4, pp. 2010213-2010219.
[44] J. R. Cram, R. J. Kohlenberg and M. Singer, “Operant Control of Alpha EEG,” Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1977, pp. 11-18.
[45] D. Nowlis and J. Kamiya, “The Control of EEG Alpha Rhythm through Auditory Feedback and the Associated Mental Activity,” Psychophysiology, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1970. pp. 476-484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01756.x
[46] M. Doppelmayr, W. Klimesch, K. Hodlmoser, P. Sauseng and W. Gruber, “Intelligence Related Upper Alpha Desynchronization in a Semantic Memory Task,” Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 66, No. 2, 2005, pp. 171-177. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.007
[47] S. M. Vaez Mousavi, R. J. Barry, J. A. Rushby and A. R. Clarke, “Arousal and Activation Effects on Physiological and Behavioral Responding during a Continuous Performance Task,” Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Wars), Vol. 67, No. 4, 2007, pp. 461-470.
[48] O. M. Bazanova, A. Kondratenko, O. Kondratenko, E. Mernaya and E. Zhimulev, “New Computer-Based Technology to Teach Peak Performance in Musicians,” Information Technology Interfaces, Vol. 7, 2007, pp. 39-44.
[49] H. Mantanus, M. Ansseau, J. J. Legros and M. Timsit-Berthier, “Relationship between Dexamethasone Suppression Test and Contingent Negative Variation in Major Depressive Patients,” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1988, pp. 345-353. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(88)80091-1
[50] V. Kaiser, B. Clemens, R. Leeb, Ch. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller, “Investigation of Cue-Based Vertical and Horizontal Eye Movements with Electroencephalographic and Eye-Tracking Data,” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 120, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1988-1993. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.09.001
[51] R. A. Thuraisingham, Y. Tran, P. Boord and A. Craig, “Analysis of Eyes Open, Eye Closed EEG Signals Using Second-Order Difference Plot,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, Vol. 45, No. 12, 2007, pp. 1243-1249. doi:10.1007/s11517-007-0268-9
[52] R. J. Barry, A. R. Clarke and S. J. Johnstone, “A Review of Electrophysiology in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: I. Qualitative and Quantitative Electroencephalography,” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 114, No. 2, 2003, pp. 171-183. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00362-0
[53] R. Shmelkina, “Some EEG Findings Caused by Real and Imaginary Stimuli in Patients and Healthy Subjects,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1999, pp. 143-148.
[54] S. K. Loo, S. T. Hale, G. Hanada, J. Macion, A. Shrestha, J. J. McGough, J. T. McCracken, S. Nelson and S. L. Smalley, “Familial Clustering and DRD4 Effects on Electroencephalogram Measures in Multiplex Families with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Journal of American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 49, No. 11, 2010, pp. 368-377.
[55] A. M. Ivanitsky, G. A.Ivanitsky and O. V. Sysoeva, “Brain Science: On the Way to Solving the Problem of Consciousness,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 73, No. 2, 2009, pp. 101-108. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.004
[56] O. M. Bazanova, O. A. Jafarova, E. M. Mernaya, K. B. Mazhirina and M. B. Shtark, “Optimal Functioning: Psychophysiological Bases and Neurofeedback Training,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2008, pp. 164-165. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.422
[57] G. Pfurtscheller and T. H. Lopes da Silva, “Event-Related EEG/MEG Synchronization and Desynchronization: Basic Principles,” Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 110, No. 11, 1999, pp. 1842-1857. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8
[58] A. Mazaheri and O. Jensen, “Posterior Alpha Activity Is Not Phase-Reset by Visual Stimuli,” PNAS, Vol. 103, No. 8, 2006, pp. 2948-2952. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505785103
[59] H. Laufs, J. L. Holt, R. Eltont, M. Krams, J. S. Paul, K. Krakow and A. Kleinschmidt, “Where the BOLD Signal Goes When Alpha EEG Leaves,” Neuroimage, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2006, pp. 1408-1418. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.002
[60] M. Arns, J. Gunkelman, M. Breteler and D. Spronk, “EEG Phenotypes Predict Treatment Outcome to Stimulants in Children with ADHD,” Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2008, pp. 421-438. doi:10.1142/S0219635208001897
[61] D. A. Kaiser, “Rethinking Standard Bands,” Journal of Neurofherapy, Vol. 5, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 96-101. doi:10.1300/J184v05n01_08
[62] J. Carrier, S. Land, D. J. Buysse, D. J, Kupfer and T. H. Monk, “The Effects of Age and Gender on Sleep EEG Power Spectral Density in the Middle Years of Life (Ages 20 - 60 Years Old),” Psychophysiology, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2001, pp. 232-242. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820232
[63] O. M. Bazanova and L. I. Aftanas, “Individual EEG Alpha Activity Analysis for Enhancement Neurofeedback Efficiency: Two Case Studies,” Journal of Neurotherapy, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2010, pp. 244-253. doi:10.1080/10874208.2010.501517
[64] A. Ia. Kaplan, “The Problem of the Segmental Description of the Human Electroencephalogram,” Fiziol Cheloveka, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1999, pp. 125-133.
[65] D. N. Towers and J. J. Allen, “A Better Estimate of the Internal Consistency Reliability of Frontal EEG Asymmetry Scores,” Psychophysiology, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2009, pp. 132-142. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00759.x
[66] P. Kellaway, “Orderly Approach to Visual Analysis: Elements of the Normal EEG and Their Characteristics in Children and Adults,” In: J. S. Ebersole and T. A. Pedley, Eds., Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography, 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2003, pp. 100-159.
[67] O. Dimigen, M. Valsecchi, W. Sommer and R. Kliegl “Human Microsaccade-Related Visual Brain Responses,” Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29, No. 39, 2009, pp. 12321-12331. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0911-09.2009
[68] J. L. Cantero, M. Atienza, R. M. Salas and C. M. Gomez, “Brain Spatial Microstates of Human Spontaneous Alpha Activity in Relaxed Wakefulness, Drowsiness Period, and REM Sleep,” Brain Topography, Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 1257-1263.
[69] V. B. Dorokhov, “Alpha-Bursts and K-Complex: Phasic Activation Pattern during Spontaneous Recovery of Cor- rect Psychomotor Performance at Difference Stages of Drowsiness,” Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat im IP Pavlova, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2003, pp. 503-512.
[70] M. N. Livanov and V. N. Dumenko, “The Neurophysiological Aspect of Research on the Systems Organization of Brain Activities,” Usp Fiziol Nauk, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1987, pp. 6-16.
[71] D. Lehmann, W. K. Strik, B. Henggeller and M. Koukkou, “Microstates in Spontaneous Momentary EEG Potential Maps during Visual Imagery and Abstract Thought,” Brain Topography, Vol. 6, 1994, p. 251.
[72] W. Singer, A. K. Engel, A. S. Kreiter, M. H. Munk, S. Neuenschwander and P. R. Roelfsema, “Neuronal Assemblies: Nessesity, Signature and Detectability,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 7, 1997, pp. 252-261. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01079-6
[73] S. Gais, W. Plihal, U. Wagner and J. Born, “Early Sleep Triggers Memory for Early Visual Discrimination Skills,” Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1335-1339. doi:10.1038/81881
[74] A. Destexhe and T. J. Sejnowski, “Interactions between Membrane Conductance Underlying Thalamocortical Slow-Wave Oscillations,” Physiological Reviews, Vol. 83, 2003, pp. 1401-1453.
[75] A. Ia. Kaplan, S. V. Borisov, S. L. Shishkin and V. A. Ermolaev, “Analysis of the Segmental Structure of EEG Alpha-Activity in Humans,” Ross Fiziol Zh im IP Sechenova, Vol. 88, No. 4, 2002, pp. 432-442.
[76] E. Huupponen, A. Maksimow, P. Lapinlampi, M. S?rkel?, A. Saastamoinen, A. Snapir, H. Scheinin, M. Scheinin, P. Meril?inen, S. L. Himanen and S. J??skel?inen. “Electroencephalogram Spindle Activity during Dexmedetomidine Sedation and Physiological Sleep,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2008, pp. 289-294. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01537.x
[77] P. Fuentealba, I. Timofeev, M. Bazhenov, T. J. Sejnowski, and M. Steriade, “Membrane Bistability in Thalamic Reticular Neurons during Spindle Oscillations,” Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2005, pp. 294-304. doi:10.1152/jn.00552.2004
[78] M. Steriade and R. R. Llinas, “The Functional States of the Thalamus and the Associated Neuronal Interplay,” Physiological Reviews, Vol. 68, No. 3, 1988, pp. 649-742.
[79] T. Bal and D. A. McCormick, “What Stops Synchronized Thalamocortical Oscillations?” Neuron, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1996, pp. 297-308. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80161-0
[80] S. A. Oprisan, A. A. Prinz and C. C. Canavier, “Phase Resetting and Phase Locking in Hybrid Circuits of One Model and One Biological Neuron,” Biophysical Journal, Vol. 87, No. 4, 2004, pp. 2283-2298. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.046193
[81] R. P. Brenner, “The Interpretation of the EEG in Stupor and Coma,” Neurologist, Vol. 11, 2005, pp. 271-284. doi:10.1097/01.nrl.0000178756.44055.f6
[82] S. Hanslmayr, P. Sauseng, M. Doppelmayr, W. Gruber, M. Doppelmayr, R. Freunberger, T. Pecherstorfer and N. Birbaumer, “Alpha Phase Reset Contributes to the Generation of ERPs,” Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj129
[83] W. Mischel, “Toward an Integrative Science of the Person,” Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 55, 2004, pp. 1-22. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.042902.130709
[84] A. P. Anokhin, O. Steinlein, C. Fischer, Y. Mao, P. Vogt, E. Schalt and F. A. Vogel, “Genetic Study of the Human Low-Voltage Electroencephalogram,” Human Genetics, Vol. 90, No. 1-2, 1992, pp. 99-112. doi:10.1007/BF00210751
[85] M. A. Enoch, P. H. Shen, F. Ducci, Q. Yuan, J. Liu, K. V. White, B. Albaugh, C. A. Hodgkinson and D. Goldman, “Common Genetic Origins for EEG, Alcoholism and Anxiety: The Role of CRH-BP,” PLoS ONE, Vol. 3, No. 10, 2008, Article ID e3620.
[86] G. Winterer, R. Mahlberg, M. N. Smolka, J. Samochowiec, M. Ziller, H. P. Rommelspacher, W. M. Herrmann, L. G. Schmidt and T. Sander, “Association Analysis of Exonic Variants of the GABA(B)-Receptor Gene and Alpha Electroencephalogram Voltage in Normal Subjects and Alcohol-Dependent Patients,” Behavior Genetics, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2003, pp. 7-15. doi:10.1023/A:1021043315012

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.