Comparative Evaluation of Fractal Dimensions of CBCT Images Obtained with i-CAT Next Generation and PreXion 3D Elite Scanners ()
1. Introduction
In the analysis of craniofacial skeletal structures, conventional radiographic examinations poorly display anatomical features due to the overlapping of bone structures [ 1 ]. In these situations, computed tomography scan is the exam of choice, because it eliminates overlapping images and allows cross-sectional visualization. One of the main advantages of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the reduced radiation dose, which is 40% lower than in fan beam computed tomography [ 2 ]. Furthermore, its clinical application in the field of craniofacial radiology is widely diffused [ 3 , 4 ].
Tomographic images allow accurate linear and angular (quantitative) measurements of the structures evaluated [ 5 ] and also qualitative analysis of bone structures, through alveolar bone mineral density [ 6 - 8 ] and fractal dimension assessment [ 9 , 10 ].
The unit of measurement used in fan beam computed tomography for bone mineral density is the Hounsfield Unit (HU). Each tissue is represented by the amount of X-ray photons absorbed [ 9 ]. In CBCT, a non-uniform angular distribution of the intensity of the X-ray beams leads to non-uniformity of HU measurements. Because the HU values are not applicable in CBCT [ 11 ], the fractal analysis has been suggested as an alternative for bone quality assessment [ 9 ].
Fractal dimension means strictly the fractional or irrational number that characterizes the geometry of a fractal [ 12 ]. Using a fractal model, it is possible to characterize the irregular trabecular structure of the bone tissue through the fractal geometric analysis of its image. Many studies are being conducted using fractal analysis, and their usefulness in dental research has been demonstrated [ 13 ].
In clinical practice, the quality of CBCT images and the ability of CBCT to display anatomic features are influenced by a number of variables, such as the scanning unit, the field of view (FOV), examined object, examination time, tube voltage and amperage, and also spatial resolution defined by the voxel size [ 14 ]. Librizzi et al., in 2011 [ 15 ], found that the diagnostic efficacy of CBCT scans for the evaluation of erosive changes in the temporomandibular joint is highest for 6-inch FOV and lowest for 12-inch FOV. It is important to ponder that the comparison of CBCT examinations with different voxel settings is relevant to understand the impact of the inherent image quality on the reliability and accuracy of the diagnostic outcome.
The present study aims to compare the results of fractal analysis of images of the same structure, performed by two conical beam computerized tomography scanning machines operated with different FOVs.
2. Methodology
2.1. Material
The sample consisted of two CBCT scans of the same individual’s mandible, performed with i-CAT Next Generation (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) and PreXion 3D Elite (PreXion, Inc, San Mateo, CA, USA), with a 1-week interval between the scans. The sample belongs to the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) archive. The UFJF Research Ethics Committee, under the consubstantiated statement number 1.998.591, approved this study.
2.2. Method
Imaging was performed with i-CAT Next Generation and PreXion 3D Elite.
i-CAT Next Generation settings were: field of view (FOV) 130 × 160 mm; tube voltage 120 kVp; tube current 3 - 7 mA; voxel 0.25 mm; rotation time 26.9 s. PreXion 3D Elite settings were: field of view (FOV) 81 × 75 mm; tube voltage 90 kVp; tube current 4 mA; voxel 0.147 mm; rotation time 19 s. While undergoing CBCT, the individual was seating, with his chin on the appropriate rest, Frankfort plane parallel to the ground surface, sagittal plane perpendicular to the ground surface, and mandible in the maximum intercuspal position. The field of view was positioned so that the mandible body occupied its mid vertical third. The images provided by the two CBCT scanners were stored in multiple uncompressed DICOM format.
2.2.1. Selection and Determination of Images
The initial selection of the images was performed in the Radiant program (RadiAnt DICOM Viewer, version 3.4.1). All images used were from the mandible in the axial plane, from the first inferior image that contained the mentum, passing through the image of the left mental foramen, to the last upper image containing the image of the right mental foramen completely delimited by cortical bone. After the selection of the images, they were exported to DICOM format.
2.2.2. Image Rotation Correction
When comparing the images from the two CBCT scanners in the Image J program (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, version 1.51a), it was noticed that there were small positioning discrepancies between the devices, therefore causing small rotations in the three cutting planes. Thus, using element 41 as a reference, the rotation of the mesio-distal incisal axis was initially corrected to obtain its horizontal position in the image, using the rotation tool. In the new sets of images created, new slices from left to right were made in order to obtain new images, which were orthogonal to the mesio-distal axis of element 41. In these sliced-images, the shape of the root canal was evaluated and all images were rotated so that the long axis of the root canal of element 41 was vertical. In these two new sets of images, new slices were made from left to right, and in the two frontal images from the two CBCT scanners which showed the long axis of the root canal of element 41, the vertical inclination of its long axis was evaluated and all images were rotated so that the long axis of the root canal of the element 41 was completely vertical. Finally, in these two new sets of images, new top-down slices were made, obtaining then two sets of images which were orthogonal to the root canal of element 41, in which all the fractal analysis were performed.
2.2.3. Comparative Evaluation Using Fractal Analysis
The two sets of images, orthogonal to the root canal of element 41, from both CBCT scanners, were analyzed in the ImageJ program for the determination of the fractal dimensions. Two regions of interest (ROI) were chosen: one anterior in the region of the mentum measuring 10 × 3.75 mm and another in the region of the mental foramen D measuring 4 × 4 mm. The coordinates 66.25 (x) and 27.75 (y), and 35.01 (x) and 14.29 (y) were used for the selection of the ROI's of the mentum, and the coordinates 49.25 (x) and 37.25 (y), and 15.70 (x) and 24.18 (y) for the selection of the mental foramen ROI’s in the images from i-Cat and PreXion 3D scanners, respectively. This way, we determined that the ROI from the i-Cat images are the same as those from the PreXion 3D images (Figures 1-8). Figures 1-8 represent the first and last images of each region studied for each tomograph.
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Figure 3. ROI of mental foramen in i-Cat.
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Figure 4. ROI of mental foramen in PreXion 3D.
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Figure 7. ROI of mental foramen in i-Cat.
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Figure 8. ROI of mental foramen in PreXion 3D.
With these coordinates set, ImageJ program then provided 36 and 57 ROI’s of the mentum (with 40 × 15 and 64 × 24 pixel resolution) and 43 and 70 ROI’s of the mentual foramen (with 16 × 16 and 26 × 26 pixels resolution) from i-Cat and Prexion 3D scanners, respectively, all containing only bone structure for fractal analysis. Three comparisons between the measurements obtained from the fractal analysis were made between the two tomography scanners: the first, among the fractal analysis of the mentum region. The second, between the fractal analysis of the region of the mental foramen. And the third, between the fractal analysis of the two regions together.
Then, all selected ROI’s were duplicated and converted from 16 to 8 bits. Then the images were once again duplicated and darkened by a Gaussian filter with a 35-pixel diameter, step in which the whole structure was removed in fine and medium scale and only large variations in density were maintained. In the next step, this image was subtracted from the original image. In the resulting image, 128 grayscale was assigned. The next step was to transform the resulting image into a binary image, in order to perform the erosion step. In order to dilate the image, each pixel was replaced with the maximum value of the neighboring pixels. In the inversion, the image of the previous result was inverted, and the image changed from white to black and vice versa, making it easier to count. Then, skeletonization was performed. In this process, the pixels of the edges of the images were removed until the image was reduced to a single broad skeleton the size of a pixel. The analysis was carried out in the skeletized images, generating, finally, the values of the fractal dimension. In order to confirm the results obtained, the skeletonized image was superimposed on the initial image, ensuring that the skeletonization corresponded to the original image.
2.2.4. Statistical Analysis
A single evaluator, experienced in CBCT images, performed the selection of the tomographic images and the fractal analysis and the intraclass correlation coefficient determined the intra-examiner reliability. This was calculated by determining the fractal analysis of 15 randomly selected images, measured twice, with a 30 day interval between measurements. To verify the normality of the data, Shapiro-Wilk test was applied. The Mann-Whitney U, Levene and T tests were applied in order to compare the fractal analysis obtained by the two CBCT scanners.
Statistical analysis was performed with significance level of 5% and processed in SPSS Statistics 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, USA).
3. Results
The intraclass correlation coefficient result was 0.988, indicating a high similarity between the measurements.
Three comparisons between the measurements obtained from the fractal analysis were made between the two scanners. It was found that the mean of the samples in the three comparisons was higher for PreXion 3D scanner (Table 1). A normality test was performed for each comparison group. For the mentum samples, only those from the i-Cat scanner did not match the normal distribution. For the mental foramen samples, only those from the PreXion 3D scanner did not match the normal distribution. In the comparison of the samples together, the measurements of fractal analysis matched the normal distribution (Table 2).
Because in mentum and mental foramen comparisons at least one scanner sample did not match the normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied, a nonparametric alternative to the t-test to compare the means of two groups. The p value of the test was 0.000, for both comparisons, indicating that there was a significant difference between the fractal dimensions of the images obtained with i-Cat and PreXion 3D scanners, at a 5% confidence level.
The t-test was used in the third comparison, which included all mentum and mental foramen samples, as both devices offered samples that, when compared all together, matched the normal distribution. The Levene test evaluates the hypothesis that the group variances are the same. As the significance associated with the test was p = 0.000, we conclude that the variances are different. Observing the significance of t-test we noticed that, being lower than 0.05, there is a difference between the fractal dimensions (Table 3).
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Table 1. Descriptive statistics of fractal analysis.
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Table 2. Normality test (Shapiro-Wilk).
4. DiscussioN
Recently, there has been a tendency to use conical beam computed tomography in dental exams [ 16 ]. Because of the distortion of CBCT measurement from dental CT values, there has been debate on whether CBCT measurement can be used to infer bone mineral densities [ 9 , 17 ]. Some relevant features of the bone structure, such as those based on fractal analysis, may still provide discriminative information to separate different trabecular patterns [ 18 ]. In the field of oral and maxillofacial radiology, the fractal analysis has been used to evaluate bone density [ 9 , 10 , 19 ]. According to Southard et al., in 1996 [ 20 ], there is a positive relation between the fractal dimension and the alveolar bone density. As the bone density increases, so does the fractal dimension. Using the fractal dimension of children's mandible images, Wojtowicz et al., in 2001 [ 21 ], showed the increasing complexity of trabecular patterns as the bone grew, and Nair et al., in 2001 [ 22 ], and Heo et al., in 2002 [ 23 ], reported that the fractal dimension increased during the bone recovery process.
There are several parameters that may influence the quality of a CT scan, such as FOV size, type of detector and reconstructed voxel size, and the unit itself [ 14 ]. These parameters vary between CBTC units and with different imaging protocols of the same unit [ 15 ]. The higher number of images selected from PreXion 3D scanner compared to i-Cat for the same bone segment is due to the fact that PreXion 3D presents a smaller voxel. The Image J program identifies and maintains the original voxel of the device used when creating new slices.
These parameters may lead to differences in image resolution and may be varied according to the diagnostic task, but protocols for specific diagnostic tasks in dentistry have not yet been established. Small-volume CBCT scanners (PreXion 3D) are known to generate higher resolution images compared to large-volume (i-Cat) CBCT scans (LEE, 2008). When performing the small volume CBCT, Wang et al., in 2011 [ 24 ], found higher levels of precision (91.9%). In addition, large volume CBCT exposes patients to a higher dose of radiation compared to small volume [ 15 ] because of the greater area of incidence of x-rays. The selected images from i-Cat scanner presented 40 × 15 pixels and 16 × 16 pixels while those from PreXion 3D scanner presented 64 × 24 pixels and 26 × 26 pixels in the mentum region and the mental foramen respectively.
Van Dessel et al., in 2013 [ 25 ], compared the parameters of the bone structure at 90 and 70 kV, without setting the radiation dose (dose index: 3.4 - 8.1 mGy) and concluded that the kV effect was not as pronounced as the mA. Pawels et al., in 2015 [ 26 ], compared the fractal dimension and other parameters of the bone structure using three combinations of tube voltage (kV) and tube exposure time (mA). They concluded that most bone structure parameters are not affected by kV if the radiation dose is constant. However, the trabecular structure parameters, including the fractal dimension, were strongly affected by voxel size: they gradually decreased in larger voxel sizes. This is in agreement with the spatial resolution decreasing in larger voxel sizes [ 27 ] leading to a loss of detail in the trabecular bone, which can be seen as a "fusion" of adjacent trabeculae.
Baksi and Filder, in 2012 [ 28 ], when evaluating the effect of exposure time and image resolution on fractal dimension of periapical bone on images obtained using a storage phosphor plate system, found that images obtained with super-resolution scanning gave significantly higher fractal dimensions than high-resolution images for all exposures. The fractal dimension values decreased as the exposure time increased for both resolutions. Higher fractal dimension was found for super-resolution images and lower exposure time.
Fractal analysis of CBCT images is generally used in researches that use the same model of computerized tomography scans machines, only varying the parameters of the image taking. Fractal analysis is eventually used in conjunction with other analysis, such as: CT values, histogram analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA method) and bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DXA [ 29 ].
The differences in fractal dimension values reflect the bone density differences between individuals, and it may be impracticable to directly compare these values between individuals. This is supported by the fact that different studies on the fractal dimension of the normal maxillary bone produced different normal values [ 19 ].
The methods of determining fractal dimension are extremely diverse, for example simplified spatial methods (such as the caliper method, tile counting method, and pixel dilation method), general spatial methods (such as the box counting method, intensity variance method, Hurst method, variation method, and blanket method), and spectral methods (such as spatial and spectral methods and the power spectrum method) [ 30 ]. Geraets and van der Stelt, in 2000 [ 30 ], found that the fractal dimensions reported in studies using fractal analysis for bone diseases differ according to the methods used. Then, because the fractal dimensions may differ according to the calculation methods used, it is necessary to unify the methods used for clinical applications.
In this study, images with higher resolution and higher averages of the fractal dimensions were obtained from PreXion 3D compared to those from i-Cat. Thus, the results of this study do not support the comparison of fractal dimensions between different CBCT scanners.
5. Conclusion
The result of this study allows us to conclude that all the tests comparing the averages of the fractal dimension of the images obtained with i-CAT and PreXion 3D showed statistically significant differences and that larger averages were observed in the fractal analysis from PreXion 3D.