Reliability and Validity of an Instrument that Measures the Main Challenge Facing the Management and Administration of Water Resources and Services ()
1. Introduction
The objective of this work was to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measure the perception of risk before municipal water resources and services ( García, Sandoval, & Espinoza, 2018 ).
Studies of risk perception in general have shown that risk events such as landslides, floods, droughts, fires, earthquakes or subsidence are the result of absent or deficient civil protection, as well as a propensity to make decisions and actions oriented towards risks (see Table 1).
In the case of water resources and services, risk perception has been associated with risk events with shortages, shortages, unhealthiness and scarcity, highlighting their impact on community health, mainly in vulnerable sectors such as infants whose deaths are around one million per year for the consumption of hydro-transmitted diseases ( García, 2018 ).
However, the studies referred to do not distinguish areas of local development that determine the sustainability of the supply and collection system. This is the case of urban peripheries where water problems are associated with risk events, leading to a scenario of current risks that may be observed in the future in urban centralities and rural areas ( García, Carreón, & Hernández, 2017 ).
Prospective studies have shown an increasingly lower availability of supply per person in cities that correlates with austere lifestyles and cutting policies, as well as the substantial increase in rates and the proliferation of diseases and not only hydro-transmitted but through vectors such as malaria ( García, Rivera, Limón, Bustos, & Juárez, 2017 ).
However, the main challenge facing the management and administration of water resources and services is not only the prevention of diseases and the strengthening of a public and community health care system, but also the differentiation between urban and regional centrality, and the semi-rural periphery ( Bustos, Juárez, Sandoval, Quintero, & García, 2017 ).
Studies of risk perception have centered their interest in the establishment of a co-government system in which civil society is involved in the decision making of preventive health institutions ( García, Rivera, & Limón 2017 ).
In this sense it is that the trustworthiness and the validity of instruments that allow diagnosing the confidence of the citizenship with its authorities in the matter of supply, quality and rates, not of subsidies and condoning is essential to anticipate scenarios of conflicts and agreements ( García, Bustos, Juárez, Ribera, & Limón, 2017 ).
However, the instruments that have been used to measure risk perceptions have disconnected the risk events with the consequences on community health and its impact on the decisions and preventive life styles of the inhabitants ( Carreón, Juárez, & García, 2017 ).
The inclusion of environmental, perceptual, dispositional and administrative determinants on decision-making and preventive risk actions is fundamental to achieve the sustainability of a co-management between political and social actors, as well as between public and private sectors ( García, Juárez, & Sandoval, 2017 ).
It is a governance system in which civil participation goes beyond an opinion poll or a consultation about its voting intentions in favor of inclusive proposals
Source: Own elaboration.
in the water supply and collection system ( Vázquez, Cruz, Carreón, Hernández, Bustos, & Sandoval, 2017 ).
It is necessary to link civil protection strategies with risk-based lifestyles based on water availability and local capacity for collecting, storing, collecting and treating wastewater ( Bustos, Juárez, Carreón, Quintero, Sandoval, Espinoza, & García, 2017 ).
In each category, the perceptions of risk are different if urban centers are compared with recreation and water comfort with respect to urban peripheries with scarcity, lack of sanitation and scarcity ( García, Carreón, Hernández, Bustos, & Aguilar, 2016 ).
2. Method
Are there significant differences between the theoretical dimensions of risk perceptions with respect to the relationships between the factors and indicators observed?
Null hypothesis: There will be significant differences between the theoretical dimensions with respect to the empirical dimensions around the perceptions of risks derived from the local supply and collection system.
Alternative hypothesis: There will be no significant differences between the theoretical dimensions of risk perceptions and the relationships between their factors and indicators to be observed.
A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of 248 residents of a municipality in northeastern Mexico, considering the scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness and local scarcity (see Table 2).
The Water Risk Perception Scale (WRPS-16) was built, which includes three dimensions related to aversion to risks and the propensity to risk before capture, storage, optimization and reuse promoted by the municipal government (see Table 3).
Table 2. Descriptive of the sample.
Source: Prepared with the study data.
Table 3. Construction of the (WRPS-16).
Source: Prepared with the study data.
Participants were surveyed in their place of residence and/or work, with a written guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity, as well as a warning that the results of the study would not affect their status.
The information was processed in IBM-SPSS-AMOS version 25.0. The multivariate Crombach’s alpha and the parameters of adequacy, sphericity, validity, fit and residual for the contrast of the null hypothesis were estimated.
3. Results
Table 4 shows the internal consistency values of the general scale and the subscales which exceeded the minimum required of 0.700 (general alpha of 0.789, alpha of the aversion of 0.780 and alpha of the propensity of 0.785).
Once the constructs that explained 39% of the total variance were established, we proceeded to contrast the null hypothesis relative to the significant differences between the theoretical dimensions of risk perception with respect to the factors and indicators found.
The adjustment and residual parameters ⌠X2 = 567.32 (45 gl) p = 0.009; CFI = 0.990; GFI = 0.995; RMSEA = 0.009⌡suggest the non-rejection of the null hypothesis, although the total variance suggests the inclusion of another factor that
Table 4. Descriptive of the instrument.
R = Reactive, M = Media, SD = Standar Desviation, SW = Swedness, K = Kurtosis, A = Alpha de Crombach’s. Adecuation (KMO = 0.783), Sphericity (X2 = 346.32 (34 gl) p = 0.000). Extraction: Main Axes, Rotation: Promax. F1 = Aversion to risks (24% of the total variance explained), F2 = Propensity to Risks (15% of the total variance explained). All items are answered with any of five options ranging from 0 = “not likely” to 5 = “quite likely”. Source: Prepared with the study data
the literature identifies as hyperopia to demonstrate a tenure towards carelessness and inaction in the face of risk events and water problems both global and local.
4. Discussion
The contribution of this work to the state of the question lies in the establishment of the reliability and validity of an instrument that measured the perception of risks, but the type of non-experimental study, the type of non-probabilistic sampling and the type of exploratory analysis they limited the results to the research scenario, suggesting the inclusion of the hyperopia factor to account for the lack of concern and inaction in the face of risk events and their effects on public health.
García, Juárez, & Bustos (2018) showed that local water governance depends on the conciliation of uses and customs rather than on the implementation of water supply and comfort strategies that suppose consumption of more than 200 liters per person.
In the present work it has been highlighted that the uses and customs only generate aversion to the risks in the best of cases, but the clientelist relationship between the violated sectors with their authorities rather develop perceptions of risk associated with the propensity or Delegation of responsibility to the government, prelude to the lack of concern and inaction before the events of risk and their effects on public health.
Juárez, Bustos, Quintero, García, & Espinoza (2018) showed that in the area of cooperation co-management can be indicative of co-government, although the increase in propensity to risk suggests that in the best of cases, solidarity will be observed inside of native peoples.
In the present study, the cooperation would be related to an aversion to the risks when the actors are willing to carry out the solidary efforts to carry out the tequio or guatza, main uses and local customs of dosage of water consumption.
Sandoval, Bustos, & García (2018) proposed a model for the study of local governance, although they started from the assumption that self-management and technology would be sufficient for the establishment of co-management.
In the present work, co-management replaces civil self-management and state self-management since the propensity to risk implies the exclusion of actors from being civil for politicians or vice versa.
It is necessary to include hypermetropia for the study of governance and local water sustainability if differences prevail between urban centrality and periphery.
5. Conclusion
The objective of this paper has been to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measured two dimensions of the perception and risks related to the aversion or delegation of the problem to the political or social actor, as well as the dimension of the propensity involved in negotiation. and agreement between the parties, but the type of study, sampling and analysis limited the results to the research scenario, suggesting the inclusion of the hyperopia factor to explain the effect of the risk events on the mental health of the locality that would be characterized by a lack of concern and inaction before the problems of shortages, unhealthiness and lack of water service.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.