The Mapping of the Soils’ Degradation State by Adaptation the PAP/RAC Guidelines in the Watershed of Wadi Arbaa Ayacha, Western Rif, Morocco ()
Received 16 May 2016; accepted 22 July 2016; published 25 July 2016
1. Introduction
The watershed Arbaa Ayacha (199.9 km2) has the same climatic characteristics of the western Rif which has a huge extension of cultivated land, and a very small area of dense vegetation; which makes it more vulnerable to the risk of water erosion. Hence the need to develop a strategy in the basin in the near future, as will there be an infrastructure development during the installation of the new dam projected Arbaa Ayacha [4] . In fact this area is characterized by heavy and aggressive rains, with friable lithological formations such as marl, the calcareous marls and shales [5] on very high slopes. The effect of these threats appears especially in the downstream of watersheds by reducing the capabilities of water infrastructure retention, and by leaching the fine fractions and nutrients of farmland by sheet erosion. The impacts of these phenomena negatively affect the country’s economy, especially Morocco that is economically based on agriculture and water resources. Faced with these threats, the assessment of water erosion and stabilization of land becomes a necessity. And with the development of new spatial techniques such as GIS and remote sensing, the mapping areas vulnerable to water erosion are becoming more efficient. Several methods and models are developed, and among these models, the PAP/RAC (Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre) guidelines are the most suited to the Mediterranean conditions. The application of this model in other watersheds of the Moroccan territory, to know the watershed of the Wadi Larbaa [6] , Allal El Fasi [7] , Sahla [8] and Asfalou River [9] shows the reliability of this model applied.
The catchment area of the river Arbaa Ayacha is not protected against this phenomenon. It is an environment which is ideal for the spread of risks and forms of water erosion, hence the need for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of soil losses. Adapting the PAP/RAC guidelines in this basin is a basic step to planners and decision makers in this area which will know the construction of the proposed dam of Arbaa Ayacha.
2. Study Area
The area of watershed of Arbaa Ayacha with 199.9 Km2 is characterized by a sub-humid Mediterranean climate with mild winters; it is located in the north of the province of Larache and the south of the province of Tanger- Assilah (Figure 1) it is intersected by Highways that connect Larache and Tetouan. The location map shows the area that includes the administrative boundaries of four rural towns that are the subject of our study: Lkhaloua, BniGargatt, Sidi El yamani and Arbaa Ayacha.
Topographically, this watershed has a modest altitudinal variation which goes from varies from 6 m in outlet to 549 m on the highest peak. The major part is located above 50 m in altitude and the hypsometry shows two slices of altitudes (50, 100), (100, 150) occupying 64% of surface and reflecting the hilly nature of the basin. The lower elevations extend over the downstream part and occupy 18% of surface while the higher ones are located in the far southwestern basin and do not exceed 4%.
The geomorphological map of the peninsula of Tangier developed by El Gharbaoui [3] , which is part of the study of humans and earth in Tingitane peninsula, shows that this site mainly consists of Cretaceous marl of Habt in the basin center occupying 53.52% of the area. This place has Oligomiocene sandstones of Habt, white marl Eocene flint of Habt, Soltano-Rharbien Tensiftians benches and terraces. These units respectively occupy (6.70%), (4.66%), (3.84%) and (5.65%) of the total area of the watershed. In the upstream of this area, there are sandstone and Numidian Aquitanian occupying 4.91% and marl and limestone-shale of the unit of Tangier (8.70% by area) while the downstream basin has mainly some accumulations of predominantly sandy Villafranchian age and occupies (10.25%) of the area of the basin.
3. Methodology
The mapping and measurement of rainfall-induced erosion processes in the Mediterranean coastal areas carried
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Figure 1. Location and elevation map of the watershed Aarbaa Ayacha.
out by a number of institutions such as the UNEP, FAO and DGCONA lead to the development of the PAP/ RAC methods which includes three methodological approaches of mapping, evaluating and estimating water erosion.
・ The predictive approach gives values to the causal factors to the outbreak of water erosion (slope, lithology and/or soil type, land cover and vegetation density). The result of this phase allows to prioritize the basin according to the degree of erosion and to have a map of erosive state.
・ The descriptive approach corresponds to the cartography on site of erosion forms and their exposure to erosion. It is particularly interested in the qualitative aspect of water erosion.
・ The approach of integration is the end result of the two previous approaches, by superimposing the map of erosion forms to those of the erosion states. It provides a consolidated synthetical map of water erosion.
(Figure 2) shows the methodological scheme for the application of the PAP/RAC guidelines in the watershed of Wadi Arbaa Ayacha.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Predictive Approach
This approach is based on the interaction and the interdependence of the major factors of water erosion. In the first step, the superimposing of the slopes’ map and the soil provides an erodibility map. The density of vegetation and the land use permit secondly to have a map of soil protection while the superposition of the two previous provides a synthetic map of erosion states and therefore the degree of erosion soils.
4.1.1. Achieving Erodibilty Map of Soils
The slopes’ map was made by operating a DTM (digital terrain model) of resolution of 25 m; this map was classified into five classes according to the classification adopted by the PAP/RAC method. Table 1 shows the predominance of class (3 - 12) which occupies (44%) of the area of the basin followed by the (12 - 20) class that occupies (31%). The maximum values of the slopes are located largely in the south-west part of the basin, in the
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Figure 2. Methodological flowchart of the application of the method PAP/RAC.
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Table 1. Percentage of classes’ slopes.
central part of the basin in the minority on the Tensiftiannes terraces with medium altitudes and towards the south at the boundaries of the watershed.
The soil map was established referring to the soil map prepared by Inypsa [10] . As part of the integrated project of agricultural development in Tangier-Tetouan, supplemented by field audits and based on the soil map of the area of Tangier which was established by Alami (in Osrirhi) [11] . The classification of this map was made by adapting the PAP/RAC guidelines and the degree of the soils’ erodibilty. The superposition of two thematic maps under the ArcGIS device after being codified according to matrices adopted by the PAP/RAC guidelines method (Table 2) allows a degree of erodibilty map of soils in the intended area (Figure 3).
The analysis of this map shows that 45% of the basin area has a low or moderate erodibility (Figure 4) and is located to the center of the basin at the alluvial plain on gentle slopes except in a few places that always correspond to Tensiftian terraces of average altitude and unsophisticated soil susceptible to erosion. The average erodibilty values represent 30% in surface and appear generally in the northwest while the values of strong erodibility are located predominantly in the southwest part of the basin and occupy 26% of the total watershed area.
4.1.2. Achieving the Map of Soil Protection
This step is based on the exploitation of remote sensing data and integrates the results into the GIS (Geographic information system) to assess the distribution of the degree of soil protection of that watershed. Indeed, a Landsat 8 satellite image dated in 2015 and downloaded at USGS, underwent a treatment and a supervised classification by field visits in order to map the different types of land tenure. The result shows that 69% of the study area corresponds to dry and/or herbaceous farming land while forests only cover less than 1% of the total area of the basin. This same image was purpose of the calculating NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) which is an index to estimate the density of the vegetation in the study site, by adapting the Equation (1) [12] :
(1)
Legend: 1 (low EN), 2 (moderate EB), 3 (average EM), 4 (forte EA), 5 (extreme EX).
The result shows that 83.04% of the basin area belongs to the class (0 - 25), and the coding adopted by the PAP/RAC guidelines to land cover and land use (Table 3) and their superposition provides a degree of distribution map of soil protection (Figure 5). The analysis of the latter shows that 89.54% of the watershed is very weakly protected while the average or very high degree of protection is only 6.68% (Table 4).
4.1.3. Elaboration of the Map of the Erosive-States
The map of the erosive states characterizes the vulnerability of the watershed to erosion, which is the result of the superposition of the erodibilty map and the soil protection (coded according to the matrix of the PAP/RAC guidelines, (Table 5). It allows prioritizing the watershed in units of the same erosive process. The processing
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Figure 4. Classes percentage of erodibility.
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Table 3. Matrix land cover―vegetation.
Legend: 1 (very high MA), 2 (high A), 3 (average M), 4 (low B), 5 (very weak MB).
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Table 4. Percentage of classes’ degrees of soil.
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Table 5. Matrix soil protection―erodibility.
Legend: 1 (very weak), 2 (low), 3 (notable), 4 (high), 5 (very high).
and analysis of the resulting map (Figure 6) shows that half of the study area (51%) has a very elevated state of erosion especially in the South-West and North-East part of the basin. In the center, the risk is always limited to quaternary Tensiftiannes terraces. The middle part of the watershed shows largely weak and significant erosion states and respectively occupies 27% and 20% of the total area while the most protected areas represent less than 2% (Figure 7).
4.2. The Descriptive Approach
The completion of the map of forms of erosion was done by digitizing thanks to the extension of open Player plugin of Quantum-GIS that connects to Google satellite, with verifications on ground. The resulting map was codified according to the PAP/RAC guidelines, it shows that 91% of the basin area is known for stripping and sheet erosion (Figure 8). The center of basin is occupied by badlands with a percentage of 0.02% whereas the
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Figure 7. Percentage of classes’ degrees of erosion.
rest form of erosion represents only 8.98% of the area. The analysis of this map shows that all these forms of erosion are related to weather conditions, lithology and the degree of exposure and slopes. It allows making the following remarks:
・ In the center of the basin, the fluvial action spawned Tensiftian terrace’s that show a raid rim, these terraces become badlands under the action of water erosion factors.
・ The upstream part of the basin has shallow ditches and gullies, and to the highest places of the same part, we find solifluxions and located scree of gravity.
・ In the upward part of the basin, the ravines increase and turns into moderately deep ravines especially in non-plowed land. This can be explained by the flow of water that grows with the accumulation of precipitations increasing from upstream to downstream. This same phenomenon has been observed in the watershed of Wadi Larbaa, where rill erosion and gullies that if they appear on non-developable land, they generally evolve into larger forms of erosion [6] .
・ This same ascertainment may explain the abundance of sapements’ banks in the downstream of the basin on a large scale, as long as the runoff is accentuated by going to the cavities.
・ The shoveling lithology and limestone clay in the eastern basin combined with the strong slopes and the Human action gives rise to mudflows and some rotational slides of field. These forms are located in the northwest of the basin near the village of Olad Yahya where human action is very important.
4.3. Integration Approach and the Achievement of Consolidated Map PAP/RAC
The end result of the PAP/RAC method is a map of land degradation states. It is a superposition of thematic maps obtained by the two approaches (Figure 9). The analysis and treatment of this map show that:
・ The upstream of watershed, the high erosion coincides with the solifluxions, surface rills and gullies. This same area presents high risks of from one area to another of stripping and slick erosion that are explained by the occupation of the type of soil and the sparse shrubs and pasture that promotes soil loss according to the PAP/CAR guidelines. The significant lower class of erosion in this part of the basin is very small and limited to the entourage of moderately deep ravines. This same observation is made in the watershed of Wadi Larbaa where areas with low and moderate erosion, coinciding the sheet erosion, especially at the edge of the wadi and it are explained by the absence of vegetation cover [7] .
・ On the cultivated lands, the ditches and shallow gullies are cleared by plowing [8] , but on non-plowed areas, they operate in deep ravines promoting significant losses.
・ In the center of the basin, very high risks are limited to the areas in which the badlands correspond to tensiftian quaternary terraces with friable nature and which have high altitudes.
・ In the downstream of the basin, the evolutionary gullies’ trend makes this area more propitious to high soil losses. This effect is combined with the extension of soils, with high erodibility and which are slightly developed, and to the steep slopes and to the absence of dense vegetation.
5. Conclusions
The watershed area of the river Arbaa Ayacha is a favorable environment for the development of water erosion risks due to its morphological characteristics, climate and land use.
The map of erosive states shows that more than half of the basin is subject to very high risks, and this increase in soil loss shows good correlation of the major factors controlling the erosive process.
These same factors are at the origin of the development of forms of erosion with predominance of stripping and sheet erosion. The latter is considered to be the most dangerous vis-à-vis the soil since it causes a depletion of the fine fraction particles and nutrients.
The consolidated map PAP/RAC provides the evolutionary trend of the watershed. The heavy losses in land values coincide with extreme degrees of involvement of each factor controlling the water erosion. It is consistent with the most replied forms of erosion in the area in question (deep and moderately deep ravines, gullies and badlands). The brittle and lithological nature of badlands that match the Tensiftian terraces, combined with its high altitudes, make the center of the basin more exposed to soil losses from one place to another.
Faced with these threats of land degradation, the Arbaa Ayacha watershed is a site that requires an urgent response to future plans, especially with the installation of the dam planned in Arbaa Ayacha, and the implementation of the PAP/RAC guidelines is necessary for planners and policy makers, especially when it is conjugated
to other models and techniques of quantitative and qualitative studies of water erosion.
Acknowledgements
We would especially like to thank and express our appreciation to the staff of the DREFLCD-SEAP Rif, for the comments and discussions successful that helped improve this work.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.