Validity and Reliability of the Interpersonal Sensitivity/Privileged Self Scale: Solving a New Type of Depression

Itsuki Yamakawa; Masaki Muranaka; Shinji Sakamoto

doi:10.4236/psych.2015.68098

Home > Journals > Social Sciences & Humanities > PSYCH

Psychology > Vol.6 No.8, June 2015

Validity and Reliability of the Interpersonal Sensitivity/Privileged Self Scale: Solving a New Type of Depression ()

Itsuki Yamakawa¹, Masaki Muranaka¹, Shinji Sakamoto²

¹Graduate School of Literature and Social Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
²College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.

DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.68098 PDF HTML XML 3,356 Downloads 4,347 Views Citations

Abstract

Although “modern-type” depression (MTD), having different features than melancholic-type depression, has become problematic in Japan especially since the late 1990s, there are few psychological studies of MTD. Sakamoto, Muranaka, and Yamakawa (2014) proposed a psychological framework depicting the onset of MTD, and coined a new concept of interpersonal sensitivity/ privileged self, which is assumed to be a vulnerability factor for MTD. In the present study, we examined the validity and reliability of the Interpersonal Sensitivity/Privileged Self Scale (IPS; Muranaka, Yamakawa, & Sakamoto, 2014), which has two superordinate factors, namely Interpersonal Sensitivity (IS: 16 items) and Privileged Self (PS: 9 items). Because MTD is presumed to overlap with atypical depression, it was expected that the IPS score in an atypical depression group would be higher than in a melancholic depression group, and the IPS score would be positively correlated with the depressive symptoms. Participants were 112 (70 male, 42 female) Japanese undergraduates, aged 18 - 25 years (M = 19.19, SD = 2.07). Cronbach’s α of the IPS was 0.90 (IS: α = 0.91, PS: α = 0.72). As we predicted, the IPS, IS, and PS were positively correlated with depressive symptoms. ANOVAs revealed significant differences in the scores of the IPS, IS, and PS among depression types. Post-hoc analyses showed that scores for anatypical depression group were significantly higher than those for a melancholic group and an unclassified-type group. These results support our prediction that IPS scores manifest differently in MTD and melancholic depression; validity and reliability of the IPS were confirmed.

Keywords

Depression, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Personality, Atypical, Japanese Undergraduates

Share and Cite:

Yamakawa, I. , Muranaka, M. and Sakamoto, S. (2015) Validity and Reliability of the Interpersonal Sensitivity/Privileged Self Scale: Solving a New Type of Depression. Psychology, 6, 1013-1021. doi: 10.4236/psych.2015.68098.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Abe, T. (2012). Changeable and Immature “New Type Depression”: Consideration on Depression Today from the Psychopathological Viewpoint. Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12, 469-474. (In Japanese)
[2]	Abe, T., Otsuka, K., Nagano, M., Kato, S., & Miyamoto, T. (1995). A Consideration on “Immature Type of Depression”: Premorbid Personalities and Clinical Pictures of Depression from the Structural-Dynamic Viewpoint (W. Janzarik). Japanese Journal of Psychopathology, 16, 239-248. (In Japanese)
[3]	American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
[4]	Boyce, P., & Parker, G. (1989). Development of a Scale to Measure Interpersonal Sensitivity. Australasian Psychiatry, 23, 341-351.
[5]	Boyce, P., Hickie, I., Parker, G., Mitchell, P., Wilhelm, K., & Brodaty, H. (1993). Specificity of Interpersonal Sensitivity to Non-Melancholic Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 27, 101-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90082-U
[6]	Fukunishi, I., & Fukunishi, A. (2012). The Manual for the Global Scale of Depression. Aoyama: Aoyama Psychological Clinical Education Center.
[7]	Hamilton, M. (1960). A Rating Scale for Depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
[8]	Hirose, T. (1977). Tohi-gatautsu-byonitsuite. In T. Miyamoto (Ed.), Psychopathology of Manic—Depressive Illness 2 (pp. 61-86). Tokyo: Kobundo.
[9]	Japanese Society of Mood Disorders, Committee for the Creation of Treatment Guidelines on Mood Disorders (2012). Treatment Guidelines II, Major Depressive Disorder 2012 ver. 1. http://www.secretariat.ne.jp/jsmd/mood_disorder/img/130924.pdf
[10]	Kanba, S. (2011). The Modern Society and Depression (1). SAISHIN IGAKU, 66, 1046-1048.
[11]	Kasahara, Y., & Kimura, B. (1975). Clinical Classification of Depression. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 77, 715-735.
[12]	Kato, T., Shinfuku, N., Fujisawa, D., Tateno, M., Ishida, T., Akiyama, T. et al. (2011). Introducing the Concept of Modern Depression in Japan; an International Case Vignette Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 66-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.030
[13]	Kawakita, J. (1967). Method of Conception. Tokyo: Chuo-shinsho.
[14]	Matsunami, K., & Yamashita, Y. (1991). Social Changes and Depression. Japanese Journal of Social Psychiatry, 14, 193- 200.
[15]	Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
[16]	Muranaka, M., Yamakawa, I., & Sakamoto, S. (2014). Development of the Interpersonal Sensitivity/Privileged Self Scale (1): Relationship with Severity and Type of Depression. The 11th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Mood Disorders, Hiroshima, 18-19 July 2014, 186.
[17]	Muranaka, M., Yamakawa, I., & Sakamoto, S. (2015). How Do Clinicians Define “Modern Type Depression”? Extraction from Books and the Survey to Clinicians. Psychological Research, Nihon University, 36, 44-51.
[18]	Natsume, M. (2012). Awareness and Support by Referring to the Case of Mental Health (7) Modern type depression Part 1 Definition and Hardship in the Workplace, Industrial Safety and Health, 63, 697-699.
[19]	R Development Core Team (2012). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/
[20]	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
[21]	Sakamoto, S., Muranaka, M., & Yamakawa, I. (2014). “Self” in the Interface of Social and Clinical PsychologyThrough the Discussion of Modern Type Depression. Japanese Psychological Review, 57, 405-429.
[22]	Shimoda, M. (1932). On the Treatment of Involutional Depression in my Department. Taiwan Igaku Zasshi (Formosa Med J), 31, 113-115.
[23]	Tarumi, S. (2005). The “New” Variant of Depression: The Dysthymic Type. Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 34, 687-694.
[24]	Tarumi, S., & Kanba, S. (2005). The Dysthymic Type of Depression: An Essay on Socio-Cultural Aspects of Depression. Japanese Bulletin of Social Psychiatry, 13, 129-136.
[25]	Tellenbach, H. (1961). Melancholie. Berlin: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12458-1
[26]	Walters Jr., P. A. (1961) Student Apathy. In G. B. Blame Jr., & C. C. McArthur (Eds.), Emotional Problems of the Students (pp. 129-147). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
[27]	Yamakawa, I., & Sakamoto, S. (2015). Insisting on Depression, but Not Showing Symptoms: A Japanese Study of Excuse-Making. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7, 146-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v7n2p146
[28]	Yoshino, S. (2009). Is it Really “Depressive Disorder”? The Countermeasures against “Working Depression” in Companies are Full of Mistakes. Tokyo: Kodansya.
[29]	Zung, W. W. K. (1965). A Self Rating Depression Scale Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008