Somatic Condition, Growth and Reproduction of Hake, Merluccius merluccius L., in the Portuguese Coast

Abstract

Weight/length relationships, condition factor, gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, conversion factor for gutted to total weight and spawning season of hake in the Portuguese Coast (36.92 to 42.22 degrees latitude N; 9.61 to 6.07 degrees longitude W) were investigated for the first time, aiming to fill the lack of information on the biology of hake of the Portuguese waters. Data were obtained from commercial samples collected between 2005 and 2010 and pooled by month. Sex ratio observed in fish below 40 cmwas close to 1:1; females were always dominant above50 cmlength. All the parameters were analysed by month and by sex and by combined sexes. The relationships obtained for combined sexes for the entire period concerning the growth in length and weight were: total length-total weight =0.0038L3.172, total length-gutted weight =0.0052L3.059. The relationship total weight-gutted weight was Wt = 15.8112 + 0.8480Wg and the conversion factor was of 1.1524. The growth rate is similar for both sexes but different when based on total weight or gutted weight. The analysis of the condition factor, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and the monthly distribution of the maturity stages seem to indicate that hake from thePortugueseCoasthas a long spawning season, with three spawning peaks in March, May and August but the start of the spawning season seems independent of the fish length.

 

Share and Cite:

A. Costa, "Somatic Condition, Growth and Reproduction of Hake, Merluccius merluccius L., in the Portuguese Coast," Open Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2013, pp. 12-30. doi: 10.4236/ojms.2013.31002.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] C. Pineiro, “Edad y Crecimiento de la Merluza Europea Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) del Noroeste de la Península Ibérica: Evolución de un Paradigma,” Tesis Doctoral, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, 2011.
[2] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea “Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Demersal Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1996.
[3] R. Monteiro and M. Lima Dias, “On Some Aspects of the Ovary Development in the Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) of the Portuguese Coast,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1965.
[4] R. Monteiro and M. Lima Dias, “On Some Aspects of the Fecundity of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) of the Portuguese Coast,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1966.
[5] M. F. Cardador, “Factors Influencing the Distribution and Abundance of Hake (Merluccius Merluccius) in the Portuguese Waters (ICES, Div. IXa) Based on Groundfish Surveys Data,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1995.
[6] L. Ibaibarriaga, X. Irigoien, M. Santos, L. Motos, J. M. Fives, C. Franco, A. Lago de Lanzos, S. Acebedo, M. Bernal, N. Bez, G. Eltink and A. Farinha, “Egg and Larvae Distribution of Seven Fish Species in the North East Atlantic Waters,” Fisheries Oceanography, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2007, pp. 284-293. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00430.x
[7] A. Campos and P. Fonseca, “Selectivity of Diamond and Square Mesh Cod Ends for Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and Axillary Seabream (Pagellus acarne) in the Shallow Groundfish Assemblage off the South-West Coast of Portugal,” Scientia Marina, Vol. 67, No. 2, 2003, pp. 249-260.
[8] M. F. Cardador, “Estratégias de Exploracao do Stock de Pescada (Merluccius merluccius L.) das águas Ibero-Atlanticas. Efeitos em Stocks Associados. Dissertacao Para Provas de Acesso à Categoria de Investigador Auxiliar,” Instituto Nacional de Investigacao das Pescas, Lisboa, 1988.
[9] M. F. Cardador, “Southern Stock of Hake (ICES Divisions VIIIc + IXa): Simulations of Different Fishing Strategies,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1991.
[10] M. L. Dias and M. F. Cunha, “The Portuguese Fishery in the Southeast Atlantic (1982-1983) and Biological Studies on Hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus during 1984,” Collection of Scientific Papers ICSEAF, Vol. 13, 1984, pp. 37-87.
[11] P. Fonseca, R. Martins, A. Campos and P. Sobral, “Gill-Net Selectivity off the Portuguese Western Coast,” Fisheries Research, Vol. 73, No. 3, 2005, pp. 323-339. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2005.01.015
[12] O. Moura and F. Cardador, “Pescada, Lagostim, Carapau E Sardinha da Costa Continental Portuguesa: Situacao e Propostas de Gestao Para 2005,” IPIMAR Divulgacao, Lisboa, 2005.
[13] M. N. Santos, M. B. Gaspar, P. Vasconcelos and C. C. Monteiro, “Weight/Length Relationship for 50 Selected Fish Species of the Algarve Coast (Southern Portugal),” Fisheries Research, Vol. 59, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 289-295. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00401-5
[14] A. M. Caramelo, “Results of the Young Hake Surveys in Portuguese Waters in October-November 1981-1982,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1983.
[15] F. Cardador, M. F. Borges, C. Chaves and S. Groom, “Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) Spatial and Temporal Recruitment Variability as a Key Species in the Portuguese Upwelling Ecosystem,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 2005.
[16] H. Mendes, M. F. Borges, C. L. Scott and C. Frid, “Climatic Impact on Hake Recruitment in Iberian Peninsula and Implications for Fisheries Management: An Inexfish Project Study,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 2008.
[17] M. L. Marecos, M. E. Vasconcelos, M. H. Diniz and C. C. Monteiro, “Reuniao Sobre o Crescimento da Pescada, Verdinho e Carapau,” Relatórios Técnicos e Científicos INIP, Lisboa, No. 18, 1982.
[18] M. L. Godinho, M. H. Afonso and C. Morgado, “Age and Growth of Hake Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758 from the Northeast Atlantic (ICES division Ixa),” Boletino del Instituto Espa?ol de Oceanografia, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 255-262.
[19] E. Jardim, V. Trujillo and P. Sampedro, “Uncertainties in Sampling Procedures for Age Composition of Hake and Sardine in Iberian Atlantic Waters,” Scientia Marina, Vol. 68, No. 4, 2004, pp. 561-569.
[20] M. Salgado, E. Jardim and M. A. Dias, “Study of Methods to Evaluate the Determination of Age Applied to Hake Merluccius merluccius of the Portuguese Coast,” Relatórios Científicos e Técnicos, IPIMAR, Série Digital, Lisboa, 2003.
[21] A. M. Costa, E. Jardim, P. Goncalves and C. Morgado, “Imaturo ou em Repouso? Implicacoes Nas Ogivas de Maturacao da Pescada do Stock Sul,” 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10261/39081.
[22] P. Gon?alves, M. E. Cunha and A. M. Costa, “Escala de Maturacao Microscópica E Macroscópica Das Gónadas Femininas de Pescada (Merluccius merluccius),” Relatórios Científicos e Técnicos do IPIMAR, Série digital, Lisboa, 2004.
[23] A. M. Costa and P. Gon?alves, “Immature/Resting Macroscopic Misclassification: What Happens with the European Hake Males (Southern Stock Case)?” 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10261/24937.
[24] R. Dominguez-Petit, “Study of Reproductive Potential of Merluccius merluccius in the Galician Shelf,” Doctoral Thesis, University of Vigo, Vigo, 2007.
[25] F. Saborido Rey and S. Junquera, “Histological Assessment of the Variations in Sexual Maturity of Cod (Gadus morhua) in Flemish Cap (Northwest Atlantic),” ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 55, No. 3, 1998, pp. 515-521. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1997.0344
[26] E. Marques, “A Copepod Parasite in the Hake,” Garcia de Orta: Serie de zoologia, Vol. 12, No. 1-2, 1985, pp. 17-18.
[27] M. P. Silva, “Kudoa Sp. in the Muscle of Whiting (Merluccius merluccius (L.)),” Repositório de Trabalhos do Laboratório Nacional de Investigacao Veterinária (Portugal), Vol. 16, 1984, pp. 151-154.
[28] H. N. Cabral and A. G. Murta, “The Diet of Blue Whiting, Hake, Horse Mackerel and Mackerel off Portugal,” Journal of Applied Ichthyology, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2001, pp. 14-23. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00297.x
[29] L. Hill and M. F. Borges, “A Comparison of the Seasonal Abundance of Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and Its Main Prey Species off the Portuguese Coast,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepen- hamn, 2000.
[30] P. Goncalves, N. M. Bandarra, M. Monteiro, A. M. Costa and E. Cunha, “Evolution of the Total Lipids in Muscle and Gonads of Hake (Merluccius merluccius) during Gonadal Development,” International Council for the Ex- ploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 2004.
[31] W. E. Ricker, “Linear Regressions in Fishery Research,” Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1973, pp. 409-434. doi:10.1139/f73-072
[32] W. E. Ricker, “Computation and Interpretation of Biological Statistics of Fish Populations,” Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 191, 1975, pp. 202-233.
[33] T. Fulton, “Rate of Growth of Sea Fish,” 20th Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, London, 1902.
[34] G. West, “Methods of Assessing Ovarian Development in Fishes: A Review,” Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 41, No. 2, 1990, pp. 199-222. doi:10.1071/MF9900199
[35] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea/GLOBEC Working Group on Cod and Climate Change (WGCCC),” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 2007.
[36] J. Cohen, “Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences,” Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1988.
[37] J. Casey and J. Pereiro, “European Hake (M. merluccius) in the Northeast Atlantic,” In: J. Alheit and T. J. Pitcher, Eds., Hake: Fisheries, ecology and markets, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995, pp. 125-148.
[38] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Hake Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1979.
[39] EU, “Relatório da Comissao ao Parlamento Europeu, ao Conselho, ao Comité Económico e Social Europeu e ao Comité das Regioes. Aplicacao do Plano de Recuperacao das Unidades Populacionais de pescada do Sul e de Lagostins,” 2011. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0418:FIN:PT:PDF
[40] BIOSDEF, “Biological Studies of Demersal Fish,” Final Report to the Commission of European Communities, Study Contract DGXIV, Bruxelles, 1998.
[41] F. Biagi, A. Cesarini, M. Sbrana and C. Viva, “Reproductive Biology and Fecundity of Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus 1758) in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea,” Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes, Vol. 10, 1995, pp. 47-48.
[42] H. de Pontual, A. L. Groison, C. Pineiro and M. Bertignac, “Evidence of Underestimation of European Hake Growth in the Bay of Biscay, and Its Relationship with Bias in the Agreed Method of Age Estimation,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 63, No. 9, 2006, pp. 1674-1681. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.07.007
[43] R. Domínguez-Petit, M. Korta, F. Saborido-Rey, H. Murua, M. Sainza and C. Pineiro, “Changes in Size at Maturity of European Hake Atlantic Populations in Relation with Stock Structure and Environmental Regimes,” Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 71, No. 3-4, 2008, pp. 260-278. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.04.004
[44] H. El Habouz, L. Recasens, S. Kifani, A. Moukrim, A. Bouhaimi and S. El Ayoubi, “Maturity and Batch Fecundity of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Eastern Central Atlantic,” Scientia Marina, Vol. 75, No. 3, 2011, pp. 447-454. doi:10.3989/scimar.2011.75n3447
[45] M. Korta, R. Domínguez-Petit, H. Murua and F. Saborido-Rey, “Regional Variability in Reproductive Traits of European Hake Merluccius merluccius L. Populations,” Fi- sheries Research Special Issue, Vol. 104, No. 1-3, 2010, pp. 64-72.
[46] H. Murua and L. Motos, “Reproductive Strategy and Spawning Activity of the European Hake Merluccius merluccius (L.) in the Bay of Biscay,” Journal of Fish Biology, Vol. 69, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1288-1303. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01169.x
[47] H. Murua, L. Motos and P. Lucio, “Reproductive Modality and Batch Fecundity of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) in the Bay of Biscay,” CalCOFI Reports, Vol. 39, 1998, pp. 196-203.
[48] C. Pi?eiro and M. A. Saínza, “Age Estimation, Growth and Maturity of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Iberian Atlantic waters,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2003, pp. 1086-1102. doi:10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00086-9
[49] F. Velasco and I. Olaso, “European Hake Merluccius merluccius (L., 1758) Feeding in the Cantabrian Sea: Seasonal, Bathymetric and Length Variations,” Fisheries Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1998, pp. 33-44. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00111-8
[50] F. Balbontin and W. Fischer, “Sexual Cycle and Fecundity of the Hake, Merluccius gayi gayi, from the Coasts of Chile,” Revue de Biologie Marine, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1981, pp. 285-334.
[51] L. Fernandéz-Peralta, F. Salméron, J. Rey, M. A. Puerto and R. García-Cancela, “Reprodutive Biology of Black Hakes (Merluccius polli and M. senegalensis) off Mauritania,” Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 37, No. 4B, 2011, pp. 527-546
[52] R. M. Honji, A. M. Vaz-dos-Santos and C. Rossi-Wongtschowski, “Identification of the Stages of Ovarian Maturation of the Argentine Hake Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933 (Teleostei: Merlucciidae): Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of the Macroscopic and Microscopic Scales,” Neotropical Ichthyology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2006, pp. 329-337. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000300004
[53] L. O. Relini, C. Papaconstantinou, S. Jukic-Peladic, A. Souplet, L. G. de Sola, C. Piccinetti, S. Kavadas and M. Rossi, “Distribution of the Mediterranean Hake Populations (Merluccius merluccius smiridus Rafinesque, 1810) (Osteichthyes: Gadiformes) Based on Six Years Monitoring by Trawl-Surveys: Some Implications for Management,” Scientia Marina, Vol. 66, No. S2, 2002, pp. 21-38.
[54] FAO “Global Statistical Collections,” 2010. http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en.
[55] A.-L. Groison, “Male Reproductive Biology of European Hake Merluccius merluccius,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2010.
[56] M. Hiney, H. Rodger, I. Brickell, P. Casburn and D. Mulcahy, “Aquaculture Development and Regulation: Incompatibility or Harmony?” Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 178-184.
[57] O. S. Kjesbu, G. L. Taranger and E. A. Trippel, “International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Gadoid Mariculture: Development and Future Challenges,” Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 63, No. 2, 2006, pp. 187-191.
[58] R. Engelsen, F. Asche, F. Skjennum and G. Adoff, “New Species in Aquaculture: Some Basic Economic Aspects,” In: E. Moksness, E. Kjorsvik and Y. Olsen, Eds., Culture of Cold-Water Marine Fish, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2004, pp. 487-515. doi:10.1002/9780470995617.ch12
[59] F. Cardador, C. Chaves, C. Morgado and E. Jardim, “Recrutamento de Pescada em águas Continentais Portuguesas,” IPIMAR Divulgacao, Lisboa, 2009.
[60] A. C. Fernandes, S. Barbosa, D. Silva and G. Pestana, “Composicao dos Desembarques e das Rejeicoes por Espécie da Frota Portuguesa de Arrasto de Fundo,” Relatórios Científicos e Técnicos do IPIMAR, Série digital, Lisboa, 2008.
[61] P. Lucio, M. Santurtún and H. Murua, “Growth and Reproduction of Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Bay of Biscay during 1996-1997,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1998.
[62] C. Pineiro, M. Sainza, J. Fontenla and I. Loureiro, “European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) from International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Division VIIIc and IXa and Sub-Areas VII,” Final Report to the Commission of European Communities, Study Contract DGXIV, Bruxelles, 1998.
[63] M. Sainza and N. Pérez, “Preliminary Result of the Hake Reproduction (Merluccius merluccius) in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Sub-Area VII,” Final Report to the Commission of European Communities, Study Contract DGXIV, Bruxelles, 1998.
[64] A. C. Farina and A. Fernández, “Datos Biologicos de la Merluza del Oeste de Irlanda,” Informes Técnicos del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Vol. 47, 1986, pp. 1-13.
[65] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Hake Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1982.
[66] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Hake Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1983.
[67] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Hake Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1986.
[68] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Hake Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1987.
[69] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Hake Stocks,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1988.
[70] I. Martin, “A Preliminary Analysis of Same Biological Aspects of Hake (Merluccius merluccius L. 1758) in the Bay of Biscay,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1991.
[71] F. Sarano, “La Reproduction du Merlu Merluccius merluccius (L.): Cycle Ovarien et fécondité. Cycle Sexual de la Population du Golfe de Gascogne. These Présentée pour Obtenir le Titre de Docteur de 3e Cycle, ” Université de Poitiers, Rochelle, 1983.
[72] V. Angelescu, F. S. Gneri, A. Nani, “La Merluza del Mar Argentino (Biologia y Taxonomia),” Universia, Buenos Aires, 1958.
[73] C. Mellon Duval, H. de Pontual, L. Metral and L. Quemener, “Growth of European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Gulf of Lions Based on Conventional Tagging,” ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2010, pp. 62-70. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp215
[74] A. Mayrat, “Allometrie et Taxonomie,” Révue de Statistique Appliquée, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1970, pp. 47-58.
[75] R. R. Sokal and F. J. Rohlf, “Introduction to Biostatistics, 2nd Edition, Freeman, New York, 1987.
[76] E. Cardenas and A. Fernández, “Length/Girth and Length/ Weight Relationships of Hake in Divisions VIIIc + IXa,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1981.
[77] M. L. Godinho and M. H. Afonso, “European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) from Portuguese Waters /International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Division IXa),” Final Report to the Commission of European Communities, Study Contract DGXIV, Bruxelles, 2001.
[78] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of the Stocks of Hake,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1991.
[79] G. Morey, J. Moranta, E. Massuti, A. Grau, M. Linde, F. Riera and B. Morales-Nin, “Weight-Length Relationships of Littoral to Lower Slope Fishes from the Western Mediterranean,” Fisheries Research, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2003, pp. 89-96. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00250-3
[80] D. K. Moutopoulos and K. I. Stergiou, “Length-Weight and Length-Length Relationships of Fish Species from the Aegean Sea (Greece),” Journal of Applied Ichthyology, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2002, pp. 200-203. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00281.x
[81] T. P. Mommsen, “Growth and Metabolism,” In: D. H. Evans, Ed., The Physiology of Fishes, CRC Press, New York, 1998, pp. 65-97.
[82] P. Sparre, E. Ursin and S. C. Venema, “Introduction to Tropical Fish Stock Assessment. Part I. Manual,” FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, New York, 1989.
[83] T. B. Bagenal and F. W. Tesh, “Age and growth,” In: T. Bagenal, Ed., Methods for Asssessment of Fish Production in Freshwaters, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1978.
[84] E. Cardenas and A. Fernández, “La Relación Talla/Peso en la Merluza del Cantábrico y Galicia y su Evolución Annual,” Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1981, pp. 61-67.
[85] H. Murua, “Reproductive Fundamentals for the Estimation of Egg Production of the European Hake, Merluccius merluccius, in the Bay of Biscay,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, 2006.
[86] N. Perez and F. J. Pereiro, “Reproductive Aspects of Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) on the Galician and Cantabrian Shelves,” Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1985, pp. 39-47.
[87] J. Lahaye, “Cycles Sexuels de Quelques Poissons Plats Des Cotes Bretonnes” Revue des Travaux de l’Institute des Pêches Maritimes, Vol. 36, No. 2, 1972, pp. 191-207.
[88] R. Billard, “La Gamétogenèse, le Cycle Sexuel et le Controle de la Reproduction chez les Poissons Téleosteens,” Bulletin Francais de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, Vol. 273, 1979, pp. 117-136. doi:10.1051/kmae:1979008
[89] M. Al-Absawey, “The Reproductive Biology and the Histological and Ultrastructural Characteristics in Ovaries of the Female Gadidae Fish Merluccius merluccius from the Egyptian Mediterranean Water,” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 17, 2010, pp. 2544-2559.
[90] H. El Habouz “étude de la Biologie Et la Dynamique Des Populations Du Merlu Blanc (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus 1758) Débarqué par les Chalutiers Cotiers au Port d’Agadir. Thèse de troisième Cycle. Option Océanographie Biologique,” University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, 1995.
[91] A. Ramos, A. Cervantes and I. Sobrino, “Estudios Biológicos Sobre la Merluza Europea (Merluccius merluccius L. 1758) del área de CECAF,” FAO, COPACE/ PACE, New York, 1990.
[92] A. Ramos, I. Sobrino and Y. L. Fernández, “Oceanography and Marine Resources in the Eastern Central Atlantic,” ICCM, Palmas, 1996.
[93] C. Maurin, “Les Merlus du Maroc et Leur Pêche,” Bulletin de l’Institut des Pêches Maritimes du Maroc, Vol. 2, 1954, pp. 7-65.
[94] A. Cervantes and R. Go?i, “Composición por Tallas de la Captura Espa?ola de Merluza Senegalesa (Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat 1950) y Merluza Negra (Merluccius cadenati Doutre, 1960) en el área de CECAF, A?o 1982,” FAO, COPACE/PACE, New York, 1986.
[95] N. Perez and F. J. Pereiro, “First Data on Sexual Maturation and Sex Ratio of Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) from International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Divisions VIIIc and IXa,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 1981.
[96] M. Bouhlal, “Le Merlu des Cotes Nord de la Tunisie: Etude Economique et Biologique (Reproduction, Sex-Ratio et Répartition Bathymétrique),” Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique et Pêche, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1973, pp. 579-603.
[97] P. álvarez, J. Fives, L. Motos, and A. Uriarte, “Onshelf Transport of Hake, Merluccius merluccius, Eggs and Larvae in the NE Atlantic,” International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Koepenhamn, 2001.
[98] P. álvarez, J. Fives, L. Motos, and M. Santos, “Distribution and Abundance of European Hake Merluccius merluccius (L.) Eggs and Larvae in the NorthEast Atlantic Waters in 1995 and 1998 in Relation to Hydrographic Conditions,” Journal of Plankton Research, Vol. 26, No. 7, 2004, pp. 811-826. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbh074
[99] P. Lucio, H. Murua and M. Santurtún, “Growth and Reproduction of Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Bay of Biscay during 1996-1997,” Ozeanografika, Vol. 3, 2000, pp. 325-354.
[100] G. Macchi, M. Pájaro and M. Ehrlich, “Seasonal Egg Production Pattern of the Patagonian Stock of Argentine Hake (Merluccius hubbsi),” Fisheries Research, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2004, pp. 25-38. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2003.08.006
[101] J. C. Mason, “Fecundity of the Pacific Hake, Merluccius Productus, Spawning in Canadian Waters,” Fishery Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 1, 1986, pp. 209-216.
[102] I. Payá and N. M. Ehrhardt, “Comparative Sustainability Mechanisms of Two Hake (Merluccius gayi gayi and Merluccius australis) Populations Subjected to Exploitation in Chile,” Bulletin of Marine Science, Vol. 76, No. 2, 2005, pp. 261-286.
[103] M. F. Landaeta and L. R. Castro, “Seasonal and Annual Variation in Chilean Hake Merluccius gayi Spawning Locations and Egg Size off Central Chile,” Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 92, No. 1, 2012, pp. 166-177. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.07.002
[104] M. Traver, L. Alade and K. A. Sosebee, “Population Biology of a Data Poor Species, Offshore Hake (Merluccius albidus) in the Northwest Atlantic, United States,” Fisheries Research, Vol. 114, 2012, pp. 42-51. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2011.08.004
[105] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 1999” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2000.
[106] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2000,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2001.
[107] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2001,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2002.
[108] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2002,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2003.
[109] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2003,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2004.
[110] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2004,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2005.
[111] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2005. Dirccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2006.
[112] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2006,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2007.
[113] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2007,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2008.
[114] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2008,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2009.
[115] DGPA, “Recursos da Pesca. Série Estatística, 2009,” Direccao Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura, Brasília, 2010.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.