Effects of Planting and Maturity Dates on Shattering Patterns under Early Soybean Production System

Lingxiao Zhang, Nacer Bellaloui

.

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.31013                

Abstract

Seed shattering is a common problem in early soybean production system (ESPS) in the Midsouth, which mainly uses maturity group (MG) IV soybeans. Many studies have been conducted on the genetics of soybean shattering resistance for individual varieties; however, information on the physiology of soybean shattering pattern under specific environmental conditions, which is often critical to soybean growers, is very limited. Field experiments were conducted at Stoneville MS from 2007 to 2009 to investigate the shattering patterns of 80-132 MG IV soybean varieties each year. Results from 2007 and 2008 indicated that, when April-planted MG IV soybeans matured in mid- to late August, pods of most soybean varieties did not shatter within the first three weeks after maturity (WAM) and there was no significant shattering effect on final yields. However, differences in pod shattering among the varieties became apparent in the fourth WAM. Late-planted MG IV soybeans, which matured in early September, had a low shattering rate and could hold seeds up to 6 WAM before reaching a critical shattering point. Most soybean varieties planted in April 2009 did not show significant pod shattering by the end of the fourth WAM. The critical point of shattering was not reached until 6 - 7 WAM. Relatively lower temperatures and abundant rainfall during the late growing season in 2009 may be the main reasons causing delayed shattering in April-planted MG IV soybeans. Results from the May-planting of 2007 and the April-planting of 2009 indicated that soybeans maturing after September have much less problematic shattering. Different weather patterns, especially temperature and rainfall in each year could be essential factors affecting seed shattering patterns.

Keywords

Soybean, Shattering, Maturity Group, Planting Date, Weather

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	B. Philbrook and E. S. Oplinger, “Soybean Field Losses as Influenced by Harvest Delays,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 81, No. 2, 1989, pp. 251-258. doi:10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100020023x
[2]	P. Tukamuhabwa, K. E. Dashiell, P. Rubaihayo and M. Nabasirye, “Determination of Field Yield Loss and Effect of Environment on Pod Shattering in Soybean,” African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2002, pp. 203-209.
[3]	L. G. and S. R. Spurlock, “Yield and Economics of Traditional and Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) Seedings in the Midsouthern United States,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 63, No. 1, 1999, pp. 35-45.
[4]	L. X. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Kyei-Boahen and C. E. Watson Jr., “Developing Phenological Prediction Tables for Soybean,” Online. Crop Management, 2004. doi:10.1094/CM-2004-1025-01-RS
[5]	L. G. Heatherly, “Early Soybean Production System (ESPS),” In: L. G. Heatherly and H. F. Hodges, Eds., Soybean Production System in the Midsouth, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999, pp. 103-115.
[6]	C. E. Caviness, “Heritability of Pod Dehiscence and Its Association with Some Agronomic Characters in Soybeans,” Crop Science, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1969, pp. 207-209. doi:10.2135/cropsci1969.0011183X000900020029x
[7]	R. Misra, S. Singh, S. Sharma and S. Mehta, “Note on Induced Variation in Shattering Habit of Soybean,” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 51, No. 9, 1980, pp. 678-680.
[8]	M. A. Bailey, M. A. R. Mian, T. E. Carter, D. A. Ashley and H. R. Boerma, “Pod Dehiscence of Soybean: Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci,” Journal of Heredity, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1997, pp. 152-154.
[9]	L. A. Saxe, C. Clark, S. F. Lin and T. A. Lumpkin, “Mapping the Pod-Shattering Trait in Soybean,” Soybean Genetics Newsletter, Vol. 24, 1996, pp. 250-253.
[10]	M. Suzuki, K. Fujino and H. Funatsuki, “A Major Soybean QTL, qPDH1, Controls Pod Dehiscence without Marked Morphological Change,” Plant Production Science, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2009, pp. 217-223. doi:10.1626/pps.12.217
[11]	T. Tsuchiya, “Studies on Shattering Resistance in Soybean Glycine Max Breeding,” Report of Hokkaido Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, Vol. 58, 1986, pp. 1-53.
[12]	T. Tsuchiya, “Physiological and Genetic Analysis of Pod Shattering in Soybean,” Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1987, pp. 166-175.
[13]	O. C. Burnside, G. A. Wicks, D. D. Warnes, B. R. Somerhalder and S. A. Weeks, “Effect of Weeds on Harvesting Efficiency in Corn, Sorghum, and Soybeans,” Weed Science, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1969, pp. 438-441.
[14]	H. Tefera, A. Y. Kamara, B. Asafo-Adjei and K. E. Dashiell, “Improvement in Grain and Fodder Yields of Early-Maturing Promiscuous Soybean Varieties in the Guinea Savanna of Nigeria,” Crop Science, Vol. 49, No. 6, 2009, pp. 2037-2042. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0081
[15]	B. Burgess, T. Koger, F. Boykin. J. Coccaro, E. Flint, R. Martin, J. Phelps, D. Reginelli, D. Respess, D. Rowe. G. Sciumbato, M. Silva, A. Smith and L. X. Zhang, “Mississippi Soybean Variety Trials, 2009,” Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Information Bulletin, Vol. 454, 2010.
[16]	B. White, A. Blaine, F. Boykin, B. Burgess, P. Gerard, J. Coccaro, R. Martin, D. Poston, D. Reginelli, D. Rowe, A. Smith, M. Young and L. X. Zhang, “Mississippi Soybean Variety Trials, 2007,” Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Information Bulletin, Vol. 440, 2008.
[17]	B. White, T. Allen, F. Boykin, B. Burgess, D. Ingram, D. Rowe, B. Johnson, E. Larson, R. Martin, S. Soignier, J. Singleton, A. Smith and L. X. Zhang, “Mississippi Soybean Variety Trials, 2008,” Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Information Bulletin, Vol. 449, 2009
[18]	L. Zhang and S. Boahen, “Evaluation of Critical Shattering Time of Early-Maturity Soybeans under Early Soybean Production System,” Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2010, pp. 440-447. doi:10.5251/abjna.2010.1.4.440.447
[19]	T. Tsuchiya and K. Sunada, “Breeding Studies on Pod Shattering in Soybeans. II. Methods of Testing for Shattering and Varietal Differences,” Soybean, Vol. 3, No. 12, 1980, p. 1706.
[20]	W. R. Nave and R. L. Cooper, “Effect of Plant Population and Row Width on Soybean Yield and Harvesting Loss,” Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 801-804.
[21]	C. R. Weber and W. R. Fehr, “Seed Yield Losses from Lodging and Combine Harvesting in Soybeans,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 58, No. 3, 1966, pp. 287-289. doi:10.2134/agronj1966.00021962005800030012x
[22]	W. R. Nave and L. M. Wax, “Effect of Weeds on Soybean yield and Harvesting Efficiency,” Weed Science, Vol. 5, 1971, pp. 533-535.
[23]	E. S. Oplinger, J. P. Wright and A. Klassy, “A Plot Planting System Utilizing a Rear-Engine Tractor,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 75, No. 5, 1983, pp. 848-850. doi:10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500050029x