ABSTRACT

Many factors contribute to the accuracy of delivered dose to patients in external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Although some of these factors can be checked by implementing suitable quality control procedures, the main aim was to assess the radiotherapy treatment filed on portal film using image processing technique in order to increase the accuracy of treatment delivery to the tumor by measuring the actual F/S, dose uniformity and penumbra size using portal film. This research is conducted at radiation therapy department, Khartoum Oncology Center (RICK), Khartoum state, Sudan, from July-2014 up to December-2014. The field size of each type of radiotherapy Co⁶⁰ is measured as (9.4 × 9.4) cm and (9.1 × 9.1) cm, for linear accelerator machines it was 10 × 10 cm exactly as the reference field size, and there is no area reduced in linacs. The penumbra size for the two types of Co⁶⁰ machine was measured also and it was 1.2 cm and 1.0 cm, and penumbra size of the linear accelerator machines was found to be 4 mm. The area of the field that received radiation by 100% was measured and it was 94.1% and 91.1% in Co⁶⁰ and 100% for linear accelerator machine and that means linacs deliver the 100% of the dose to the useful field size. The dose percentage in the field for Co⁶⁰ was 98.0% and 94.1% and thus the dose in the border of field 83.1% and 89.0% and it’s different in linacs because the dose percentage in the field was 78.4% and 78.4% and there is no measurable dose outside its field. Penumbra Co⁶⁰ machines are relatively large which increase radiation dose to normal tissue and reduce the TCP, so calculation and accuracy of such calculation are necessary to the patient in term of NTCP.

Keywords:

Films, Image Processing, Radiotherapy, RICK, Malignancy, IDL, Oncology

1. Introduction

Teletherapy cobalt-60 units were first used for patient treatment in 1951 in Canada [1] [2]. Cobalt-60 was manufactured by irradiating cobalt-59 in a high neutron flux nuclear reactor. The main reasons for its suitability for teletherapy are the availability of relatively small, high specific activity, sources that reduce the beam penumbra; its relatively long half-life (5.27 years); and the almost monochromatic high-energy photon emission (photons of 1.173 MeV and 1.333 MeV in equal quantity) [3].

Various beam collimators designs exist to give variable rectangular fields with sides ranging in length, typically, from 4 cm to 30 cm or even up to 40 cm on isocentric units with a source axis distance (SAD) of 100 cm. Each of the four collimator leaves is usually focused on the edge of the source proximal to it, so as to avoid cut-off of the primary beam and minimize penumbra. Distances from the source to the far edge of the collimators are typically between 40 cm and 50 cm for machines designed for 80 cm SSD, but this distance may be increased by penumbra trimmers that are particularly desirable when the machine is to be used for 100 cm SSD treatment [3].

Field Size: can be defined as the measure of an area irradiated by a given beam; there are two most useful conventions. The first is the geometric field size; The geometric projection on a plane perpendicular to the central ray of the distal end of the collimator is as seen from the center of the front surface of the source. The second is the physical field size, defined as the area included within the 50 percent maximum dose isodose curve at the depth of maximum dose [4].

While the Penumbra size: The penumbra for electron beams is defined either in terms of the distance between two isodose values on a beam profile at the depth of maximum dose (or at the standard measurement depth), or indirectly in terms of distances between specified isodose and the geometric field edge under stated conditions as above. If the former, then generally the 20% - 80% width is expected to be 10 mm to 12 mm for electron beams below 10 MeV, and 8 mm to 10 mm for electron beams between 10 MeV and 20 MeV. These values apply for applicators with the final collimation stage at 5 cm or less from the skin, but for greater separation between the applicator and the skin the penumbra will increase. With careful design of the collimation system and a 15 mm diameter source, a penumbra of no more than 10 mm (distance between the 20% and 80% decrement lines) may be achieved at 5 cm depth for field sizes with an area of less than 400 cm² [3].

The process of image manipulation in medical imaging was recently introduced as a very important issue in case of image processing; in this case we used this disciplines in case of calculating and accurately identifying the penumbra profile rather than using of conventional method such as QA programs and portal film in collaborations with treatment machine.

Linear accelerator is considering to have very excellent geometrical accuracy when it compared with Co⁶⁰ machine and the presence of penumbra is relatively large in Co⁶⁰ and it depend on the source size, depth, SDD and source diaphragm distance [4]. This research aimed to answer important questions which are; is it possible to have best assessment of radiotherapy treatment field? Does this method give the exact determination of radiation field size and penumbra size? Does this method give the correct value of uniformity?

2. Review of Literature

[5] stated that the field size that calculated by computerized score using Matlab program was 9.9 ± 0.36049 cm × 9.9 ± 0.1123 cm calculated form digitized film. [6], aimed to verify radiotherapy treatments: computerized analysis of the size and shape of radiation fields using portal imaging. [7] studied the high energy linear accelerator penumbra size using the Pencil Beam Convolution algorithms and self-developing Gafchromic^TM EBT2 film, he found that increased energy, field size and depth rise to an increased penumbra (20% - 80%) width. For a 6 MV photon energy, the penumbra widths (20% - 80%) at 1.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm depths were 4.2 mm, 4.4 mm, and 5.7 mm for the eclipse calculations and 2.9 mm, 4.1 mm, and 4.2 mm for the EBT2 film measurements for 10 × 10 cm field sizes, respectively.

3. Materials and Methods

This study conducted at radiation oncology center (RICK) to assess the radiation filed size uniformity and calculating the penumbra profile. radiographic images with Linear accelerator machine (ELECTA) 10 Mv, and two types of cobalt-60 machines Co-60 1) EQUINOX source size 2.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 cm Active size 1 × 1 × 1 cm and the second type Co-60 2) MDS source size 1 × 1 × 1 cm, 0.75 × 0.75 × 0.75 cm, with Focus 1 cm; performed using the verification film subjectively by placing a ready pack direct exposure film on the table on the SAD. With the collimator angle set at 0˚, 10 × 10 cm square light fields obtained and the edges marked with a radiopaque object or a ballpoint pen by drawing lines on the film jacket with sufficient pressure to scratch the emulsion. Then the film was exposed for 1 - 2 min to obtain an optical density in the linear range of its sensitometric curve, usually around (1). Two more exposures at the collimator angles of +90˚ were made using fresh area of the same film or another film. The film processed in an automatic rapid processor. With millimeter graph paper attached to the patient treatment table raised to the nominal isocenter distance, the gantry was orientated to point the collimator axis of rotation vertically downward. Radiographic film to obtain an optimal radiographic density according to usable factor in all machines. Illustrating the 10 × 10 cm field size, and two regions of penumbra, and the percentage of the dose in the field, in addition do dose uniformity was assessed. Each film scanned using digitizer scanner then treated by using image processing program (IDL) after converting the images into TIFF format as IDL input variable, where the field size and penumbra and the uniformity of radio therapy beam will be determined, accelerator for vertical and horizontal reading on The portal films, with SSD = 100 cm and the field size 10 × 10 cm² and isocentric set-up 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, and the variables used to achieve these results. Aline were drowning through the images and line histogram was obtained in order to calculate the frequency of intensity difference throughout the (the line) filed. And the result showed that (Figure 1):

4. Result (Tables 1-4, Figure 2 & Figure 3)

5. Discussion

This study performed to assess the radiotherapy beam by measuring the field size, penumbra size and the percentage of the field dose, the results of these study showed that the field size of two type of Co⁶⁰ machine was (9.4 × 9.4) cm and (9.1 × 9.1) cm as in Table 1. For each Co-⁶⁰, the reduction in field size was 0.58234 cm (as Figure 2(b) in first type and 0.88583 cm (see Table 2) in the second one and its means that the verification light and field size doesn’t matched and that due to adjustment error in the machine (mechanical error), for linear accelerator machines the field size was measured to be 10 × 10 cm (Table 1) exactly as the reference field size, and there is no area reduced in linacs. Figure 3, Table 2.

The penumbra size for the two types of Co-⁶⁰ machine was measured also as Garduñ et al. 2007, and Se An Oh et al., [7] studies, and it was 1.224 cm (Figure 2(c)) and 1.0363 cm, and the penumbra size of the linear accelerator machines was found to be 0.4637 cm and 0.4517 cm (Table 4) as [8]. This difference in the size of the penumbra is totally clear as in Table 4. Where the cobalt penumbra size was more than 1 cm but less than 0.5 cm in Linear accelerator, this overexpansion of the field can lead to excessive irradiation of normal tissue around the estimated field size for any kind of treatment and for any filed size, so in Co-60 can be manipulated according to the source size and acceptable activity required for treatment, the use of trimmer or half beam block may be helpful in Co-60. Also QC program in required time schedule should be carefully done.

The area of the field that received radiation by 100% as [9] study was measured and it was 94.1% and 91.1% in Co⁶⁰ and 100% for linear accelerator machine and that means linacs. Machines deliver 100% of the dose to the useful field size. The dose percentage in the field for Co-60 was 98.0% and 94.1% and thus the dose in the border of field 83.1% and 89.0% and it’s different in linacs because the dose percentage in the field was 78.431% and 78.431% and there is no measurable dose outside the field size of linacs. As in Figure 3(e) (Table 3).

6. Conclusions

The process of treatment using high energy of radiation carries a great risk for normal tissue damage, where high quality of radiation is used.

Penumbra is unwanted projectile distance at the edge of the beam which is harmful to normal tissue around the FS. This study reveals that CO⁶⁰ machine has a large size of penumbra rather than the linear accelerator should be considered in treatment carrying a great amount of normal tissue or low tolerance to radiation.

This study concludes that linear accelerator is more precise than Co⁶⁰ in term of lateral distance from the edge of the field. Also using the image processing program is more accurate in estimation of dose uniformity and linearity that the conventional portal film method, where the distance is measured randomly, can represent these measured values numerically and graphically.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Abuhadi, N. and Abdoelrahman Hassan, A.B. (2019) Assessment of Radiotherapy Treatment Field on Portal Film Using Image Processing Open Journal of Biophysics, 9, 267-275. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbiphy.2019.94019

References