ABSTRACT

Introduction: Older people are exposed to particular health problems that must be taken into account, including anemia defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in people aged 65 and over hemoglobin < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women. Objectives: To determine the frequency of anemia, to describe its clinical and paraclinical aspects, and to determine the etiologies. Material and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection that took place in the Department of Internal Medicine of the Point G CHU in Mali from January 1^st, 2018 to August 31^st, 2018, covering all elderly patients. At least 65 years old hospitalized and/or having consulted and presenting with anemia. Anemia was defined as Hb < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women (WHO definition). Biological markers were collected at admission. Results: Anemia was observed in 42 patients in 160 elderly patients, a prevalence of 26%, the age of our patients ranged from 65 to 90 years. The sex ratio was 1.33. Fifty percent (50%) of the patients had high blood pressure as antecedents. Weight loss was found in 69% of cases; 47.6% of patients had dyspnea on admission. Tachycardia was the physical sign associated with anemia present in 85.7% of them. The mean hemoglobin level was 9.2 g/dl ± 2.03: thus 50% of the subjects had microcytic and or hypochromic anemia. The etiologies found were infectious in 31.0% of cases, inflammatory in 31.0% of cases, renal in 14.2% of cases. Chronic hemorrhage, acute haemorrhage, hemolysis accounted for 2.4% each. We observed 9.5% of unexplained causes. Conclusion: The frequency of anemia is high. Nearly half of the geriatric population has anemia. The lack of means and the nonperformance of the technical platform to perform all examinations in the etiological research of anemia have a significant impact on the rate of unexplained anemias.

Keywords:

Anemia, Elderly, Internal Medicine, CHU Point G

1. Introduction

Seniors are exposed to particular physical and mental health issues that need to be addressed [1]. Anemia is one of these conditions [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) that defines the presence of anemia in the elderly would be < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women [3] [4]. With these definitions, between 1993 and 2005, anemia affected 24% of the elderly in the world (164 million people), but with significant regional differences [5].

In Belgium, an older study (in 1976) already reported a prevalence of 35.1% of anemia in the elderly with an age ≥ 65 years [6]. These studies show that anemia is not only a public health problem but also a plague at the heart of geriatrics.

In Africa, anemia is frequent. Specifically in Mali, a previous study in 1980 indicated an anemia prevalence of 9.1% in subjects aged 60 and over [7], while another in 2015 reported an 86.3% anemia rate in subjects aged 65 years and older [8]. This could be explained by the lifestyle and nutrition changes that have occurred over the years.

Anemia is a common condition in people over 65 years of age with an estimated prevalence of 11% in men and 10.2% in women [9]. Contrary to certain beliefs, senile anemia does not exist and must not be neglected in an elderly person [10]. Under each anemia lies a probable etiology, 30% of cases of anemia are classified unexplained due to lack of sufficient exploration.

Even though the prevalence of anemia in adult subjects, in general, has been studied a lot in Mali, its frequency and etiologies compared with the age group of 65 years and over have been less studied, hence the interest of our study.

2. Patients and Method

We conducted a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection spanning the period from January 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018. Our study population included patients aged 65 years and older. All patients were aged 65 years and over, of both sexes, have a hemoglobin level < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women.

We consulted the registers and all the files of patients who were hospitalized and/or seen externally in the Internal Medicine department in order to gather additional information as needed. Clinical evaluation data, additional examinations and the selected diagnosis(s) were mentioned as variables measured on a pre-established standardized individual survey form with socio-demographic sections; anamnestic data; physical examinations; biological examinations.

Data entry was done with the 2013 Office Pack and its data analysis with SPSS 22.0 for Windows. Fisher’s exact test was the statistical test used with a risk α = 0.05.

3. Results

From January 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018, 160 people aged 65 and over were hospitalized and or seen in the outpatient department of internal medicine at the University Hospital Center of Point G. Among these patients, we found 42 cases of anemia which gave a prevalence of 26%. Men accounted for 57.1% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.33. Mean age was 72.14 ± 7.67 with extremes at 65 and 90 years (Table 1).

Among the antecedents, high blood pressure was found in 21 patients slimming was the general sign present in 69.0% of cases, breathlessness in 47.6% and tachycardia in 85.7% (Table 2).

More than one third (38.1%) of patients had a hemoglobin between 8.1 to 10 g/dl with a mean of 9.2 ± 2.03 g/dl.

The Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) less than 80 fl was found in 50.0% of cases, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was less than 33 g/dl in 66.7% and the reticulocyte level was less than 120 × 10³/mm³ in 61.9% (Table 3).

Microcytic and or hypochromic anemia was found in 50.0% of patients (Table 2).

A CRP > 5 mg/l was found in 59.5% of the cases. Forty-seven point six percent (47.6%) of patients had a glomerular filtration rate greater (GFR) than 100 ml/min/1.73m².

At the digestive fibroscopy (esophagus, gastric and duodenal), high digestive bleeding was estimated for 7.1%; four cases of erythematous gastritis, two cases for both antral ulcer and esophageal varices and one case for each of the following abnormalities: erosive arthritis, gastroesophageal invagination and the antral tumor.

The main etiologies were infectious, neoplastic and systemic, 31.0% respectively (n = 13), and related to chronic renal failure 14.2% (n = 6). Anemia of unexplained causes was found in 9.5% (Table 3).

There is a significant statistical link between the type of anemia and the nature of the etiology (p = 0.0048) (Figure 1).

4. Comments

4.1. Limitations of the Study

Anemia was only explored in 42 patients, which gives us a rough idea of the etiologies. In addition to small data, the early death of patients, the exit of patients against medical advice and the lack of financial means to carry out biological explorations have limited a total view of all patients’ medical characteristics.

4.2. Frequency

Over a period of 8 months among 160 patients aged 65 and over hospitalized

and consulted in the internal medicine department, we included 42 patients according to our criteria, an anemia prevalence of 26% in the population geriatric.

This result is similar to that of Callera [11] which found 18.6% in Brazil, but different from those found by Beyne [12] in France with 47%, Tolo [13] in Mali or 47.73%.

Roth [14] also in France found a frequency of 41% of anemia as Zulfiqar [15] with a frequency of 47.5% within the geriatric population.

This difference could be explained by the fact that the studies Beyne [12], Roth [14] and Zulfiqar [15] included a larger number of cases than our study.

4.3. Age

The mean age was 72.14 ± 7.67 with extremes of 65 and 90 years.

These results are similar to those found in Mali by Tolo [13] and Sandji [8] who found respectively 73.39 years and 73.8 years. But these data are inferior to those found in the West.

Beyne [12], Roth [14] and Zulfiqar [15] respectively reported 85.8; 89.5 and 86.7 years as the average age.

This difference could be explained by the fact that these studies were conducted in countries with a high life expectancy with a relatively aging population.

4.4. Gender

Male predominance (57.1%) was observed in our study with a sex ratio of 1.33; similar predominance to some studies in Mali: 1.71 Tolo [13]; 1.94 Roth [14]; 2.07 Sandji [8]. On the other hand, in several European studies, the predominance is feminine.

Zulfiqar [15] found a sex ratio of 0.58 and Beyne [12], with a sex ratio of 0.52 and Roth [14] with a sex ratio of 0.50. This difference could be explained to the fact that the proportion of women is higher than that of men in Western populations.

4.5. Hematological Aspects

The hemoglobin slice [8.1 - 10] g/dl represented 38.1% and the mean hemoglobin level was 9.2 ± 2.03 g/dl. This result is close to that of Tolo [13] who found an average hemoglobin level of 8.93 g/dl in Mali, but lower than those found by other authors as Beyne [12] (10 g/dl); Roth [14] (10.6 g/dl); and Callera [11] (10.9 g/dl).

The delay of admission of patients to hospitals could explain these differences of figures because in our countries the use of health care is not systematic, patients wait until the symptoms are more or less troublesome or disabling.

4.6. Type of Anemia

Microcytic and/or hypochromic anemia was the most represented type with 50.0% of cases which is superior to that found by Tolo [13] with a rate of 30% of microcytic and/or hypochromic anemia. This difference could be explained by the variable size of the samples but also by the frequency of the predominant etiologies at the period during which the studies were conducted.

4.7. Etiologies

During our study, 9.5% of cases of anemia were classified as unexplained. These results are superior to those described in the literature.

Tolo [13] reported 6.9%, Beyne [12] 5%, and Roth [14], 1% unexplained anemia.

This difference is explained by the fact that during our study, these cases considered unexplained have not been fully explored due to a lack of financial means. The early death factor is also partly the cause. On the other hand, the efficient technical platforms involved in the etiological research of the anemias in the countries where the studies of Beyne [12] and Roth [14] have been carried out have allowed to find an etiology in the majority of cases.

5. Conclusions

The frequency of anemia is high, one quarter (26%) of the geriatric population has anemia. Very usually it is manifested by shortness of breath and palpitations. There is no senile anemia. The most represented type is microcytic or hypochromic anemia.

A simple etiological assessment makes it possible to find an etiology in 90.5% of cases; the etiologies are multiple, most often it is of inflammatory origin.

The lack of financial means and the technical platform for the etiological research of anemia have a significant impact on the rate of unexplained anemias (9.5% in Mali).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Djibril, S., Kader, T.A., Soukho, K.A., Djenebou, T., Cocou, G.J.J., Zakaria, K., Amadou, D.I., Mamadou, C., Kaly, K., Boubacar, S.B., Mamadou, M., Seydou, S., Mamadou, D. and Alassane, T.H. (2019) Anemia in the Elderly: Frequency and Etiologies at University Hospital Center of Point G. Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics, 9, 115-125. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcd.2019.94008

References

Annex

Pre-established standardized individual survey form

A—Sociodemographic data

- Age: ............ years

- Sex: / ....... /

1 = Male, 2 = Female

B—Antecedent

- Medical

1. Diabetes: / ___ / 1 = Yes 2 = No

2. AVC: / ___ / 1 = Yes 2 = No

3. HTA: / ___ / 1 = yes 2 = No

4. Peptic ulcer / ___ / 1 = Yes 2 = No

5. Sickle cell disease / ___ / (1 = yes, 2 = no)

6. Asthma / ___ / (1 = yes, 2 = no)

7. HIV / ___ / (1 = yes, 2 = no) (............................)

8. Viral hepatitis / ___ / (1 = yes, 2 = no) (............................)

9. Other

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

- Surgical

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

- Notions of drug intake (1 = yes, 2 = no) /....................../

If yes …………………………………………………………………………

Lifestyle: (1 = yes, 2 = no)

-Alcohol: / __ / ............................

- Tobacco: / __ / if yes: / __ / (1 ≤ to 10 P/A, 2 = 10 to 20 P/A, 3 ≥ to 20 P/A)

- Cardiovascular risk factors: Diabetes: / __ / - HTA: / __ / - Obesity: / __ / - Sedentarity: / __ /

- Other: / __ / ..................

- Concept of medication taken: / __ /

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

C—Signs

- Functional signs of anemia: / ............ /

1 = vertigo; 2 = lipothymia; 3 = fall; 4 = headache; 5 = shortness of breath; 6 = palpitations

- Physical examination

1. General Exam: (1 = yes, 2 = no)

Size (in meters): ............ Weight (in kg): ..........

BMI (Kg/m²): .................. Temperature (in ˚C): .........

TA (in mmHg): .... ............. Pulse (pulsations/minute) = ................

Respiratory rate:…………..…

Anorexia: / __ / Slimming: / __ / Asthenia: / __ / Chills: / __ /

Sweat: / __ / Cutaneous conjunctivo-mucous paleness: / ___ / Icterus: / __ /

Headache: / __ / Vomiting: / __ / Dehydration: / __ / IMO: / __ /

D—Paraclinical examinations

1. Hemogram:

GR = .........................Hte = ....................Hb = .........................VGM =.........................

MCH = = .....................................CCMH..Réticulocytes = ..................

GB = ....................GRA. = ...................................PN = PE = ................

PB = ..................... Lym = M = .........................................................

Toxic granulations = .......................Blastes = ..................................

Type of anemia: / _____/(1—microcytic and/or hypochromic; 2—normocytic

Regenerative; 3—normocytic arterenative; 4—macrocytic)

2. Microcytic anemia

Martial Assessment: (1—increased; 2—normal; 3—lowered; 4—No Done)

Ferritin: / ___ / Transferrin: / ___ / Serum iron: / ___ /; CST: / ___ /

Inflammatory status: (1—increased; 2—normal; 3—lowered; 4—No Done)

VS: / ___ / CRP: / ___ / H

Electrophoresis of Hb: / ____/ (1—normal; 2—sickle cell disease; 3—thalassemia; 4—No Made)

Endoscopy:

Fibroscopy: / ___ / (1 = normal, 2 = bleeding, 3 = other, 4 = not done)

Location bleeding ...........................................................................................................

Other.................................................................................................................................

Ano-rectoscopy: / ___ / (1 = normal, 2 = bleeding, 3 = other, 4 = not done)

Location bleeding ....................................................................

Other……………………………………………………………...……………….

Colonoscopy: / ___ / (1 = normal, 2 = bleeding, 3 = other, 4 = not done)

Location bleeding ....................................................................

Other.................................................................................................................................

Coombs test: / ___ / (1—agglutination, 2—negative)

IDRT / ___ / 1 = negative; 2 ≥ 10; 3 ≥ 15

Blood culture / ___ / 1 = sterile; 2 = sepsis. If sepsis: germ

(..................................................................... ..............)

Thick drop / ___ / 1 = positive; 2 = negative

ECBU / ___ / 1 = sterile; 2 = urinary tract infection

If infection: germ (s) ...............................................................

Leukocytes / ...... / 1 ≤ 10,000/ml; 2 ≥ 10,000/ml

- Hatiaties / ...... / 1 ≤ 5000/ml; 2 ≥ 5000/ml

- Antibiogram: .........................................................

Hormonal balance:

TSHus: ....................; FT4: ..................; TRH: .........

FT3: ................;

Folate: / ___ / (1—increased; 2—normal; 3—lowered; 4—No Done)

VB12: / ___ / (1—increased; 2—normal; 3—lowered; 4—No Done)

G6PD: / ___ / (1—increased; 2—normal; 3—lowered; 4—No Done)

Myelogram:

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Diagnosis: / _____ / (1 = etiology found, 2 = year)