1. Introduction
One of the purposes of nuclear physics is to investigate the interaction between the nucleons in the nucleus. This will give insight into the strong nuclear forces and pairing among the nucleons. In this study, the neutron pairing energy for odd-odd (o-o), even-even (e-e), even-odd (e-o) and odd-even (o-e) nuclei has been explored.
Nuclear forces act between pairs of nucleons only, the presence of other nucleons nearby does not influence the force law between any given two nucleons. The force is always attractive and independent of the type of nucleons interacting with each other. The nuclear binding energies and forces are on the order of a million times greater than electron binding energies of light atoms like hydrogen. Nuclear force is a close-range force (its strongly attractive at a distance of 1.0 fm and becomes extremely small beyond a distance of 2.5 fm), and virtually no effect of this force is observed outside the nucleus [1] [2] . Binding energy of the nucleus is given by the Einstein’s relation:
(1)
where ∆ is the mass defect discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein and it’s the difference between the mass of an object and the sum of the masses of its constituent particles [3] .
In the periodic table of elements, the series of light elements from hydrogen up to sodium is observed to exhibit generally increasing binding energy per nucleon as atomic masses increases. This increase is generated by increasing forces per nucleon in the nucleus, as each additional nucleon is attracted by other nearby nucleons, and thus more tightly bound to the whole. At the peak of binding is nickel and iron nuclei which is the most stable and abundant [4] .
The separation energy
is the energy necessary to remove a particle
to infinity from nucleus
in its ground state, leaving residual nucleus
also in its ground state i.e.
(2)
The particle could be a neutron or a proton. The separation energy in terms of masses can be written as:
(3)
In light nuclei the number of protons and neutrons is the same
but the number of neutrons increases fast as go up to balance the repulsive force between positively charges protons so that the nucleus remains a bound system. When the number of neutrons becomes larger than protons
then neutron excess parameter is given by:
(4)
This study investigates the neutron pairing energy due to separation energy of neutrons based on if the number of neutron to proton in nuclei is e-e, o-o, o-e or e-o.
2. Theoretical Derivations
The pairing energy is estimated as the difference between the binding energy of the second neutron N (proton Z) minus that of the first neutron N (proton Z) in the case when two neutrons (protons) are successively added to the nucleus with even (neutron) or (proton) number [5] . So far it is known that for the even (N) - even (Z) nucleus in general, the pairing energy depends on the kind of particles that compose the pair, and the state occupied by the pair; and for odd―A nucleus it is smaller compared to the even―even nucleus by a factor of 1/2 to 2/3 when the pair is in the same shell and the mass number A values very close to one another [6] . The difference between two kinds of particles pairing energy may depend on the character of the neutron-neutron, neutron-proton, or the so-called nucleon-nucleon potential.
We now derive an expression for the pairing energy of the neutron pair, denoted by:
in terms of the separation energy
of the neutron and the binding energy
of the nucleus. Consider a nucleus
and its separation energy for the neutron can be written as
i.e.
(5)
Similarly the separation energies
and
can be written as,
(6)
(7)
Now, by definition, the pairing energy
of the neutron pair can be written as,
(8)
Equations (5)-(7) in Equation (8) gives
(9)
Equation (9) is used to calculate
for different isotopes.
3. Results
Tables 1-3 are obtained by using Equation (9) and the values of binding energies were obtained from [7] [8] [9] .
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Table 1. Neutron pairing energy for 20 ≤ A ≤ 55.
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Table 2. Neutron pairing energy for 100 ≤ A ≤ 140.
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Table 3. Neutron pairing energy for 190 ≤ A ≤ 238.
Table 1 gives the calculated values of pairing energies for light nuclei 20 ≤ A ≤ 55 with values of pairing energies between −16 MeV and +14 MeV.
Table 2 gives the calculated values of pairing energies for medium nuclei 100 ≤ A ≤ 140 with values of pairing energies between −6 MeV and +6 MeV.
Table 3 gives the calculated values of pairing energies for heavy nuclei 190 ≤ A ≤ 238 with values of pairing energies between −5 MeV and +5 MeV.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
In summary, the neutron pairing energies of finite nuclei 20 ≤ A ≤ 238 are calculated and the following are conclusions:
1) For light nuclei (20 ≤ A ≤ 55), the
was found to lie between: −16 ≤
≤ +14 MeV.
2) For medium nuclei (100 ≤ A ≤ 140), the
was found to lie between: −6 ≤
≤ +6 MeV.
3) For heavy nuclei (190 ≤ A ≤ 238), the
was found to lie between: −5 ≤
≤ +5 MeV.
4) Positive pairing energies only occurred in odd (N) - even (Z) nuclei that indicate the most stable isotopic nuclei.
5) Negative pairing energies occurred in even (N) - even (Z), odd (N) - odd (Z) and even (N) - odd (Z).
6) The magnitude of the values of pairing energies decreases as you move from light to heavy nuclei.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Professor K. M. Khanna in the Department of Physics in the University of Eldoret for his professional input in this research. I also wish to thank Mr. A. Mukubwa for support and linking me to the Open Access Library Journal.