The Effect of Temperature on Synthesis and Stability of Superparamagnetic Maghemite Nanoparticles Suspension ()
Received 19 February 2016; accepted 22 March 2016; published 25 March 2016
1. Introduction
Due to their unique behaviors, many researchers have been interested in magnetic nanoparticles in recent years. They are using in a broad range of applications including electronic, mechanical engineering, aerospace, environmental and bioengineering [1] - [3] . Some of the particular applications of these magnetic nanoparticles are in fields of micro-electronics as the audio speaker, energy supply, HVAC, magnetic seal in motors, magnetic ink for banking cheques. They also used as magnetic recording media, magnetic resonance imaging media, drug delivery or therapeutic agents in cancer therapy and thermal engineering application [4] - [8] . Iron oxide nanoparticles, mainly magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are favorable magnetic materials that are intensively explored due to their specific magnetic properties [9] . The suspensions of these magnetic nanoparticles in a liquid medium generate a new class of liquid called “magnetic fluids.”
The uniqueness of this fluid is its superparamagnetic and biocompatibility behavior, and it can be controlled by external magnetic fields. Hence, the magnetic fluids also can be effectively used in thermal engineering applications and carrier media [7] .
Many efforts have been made to synthesize stable magnetic suspension in recent years to accomplish appropriate control of magnetic particle size, shape, crystallinity, and magnetic properties [10] . Numerous techniques have been reported on the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. They included chemical co-precipitation [11] [12] , sol-gel synthesis [13] [14] , microemulsion [15] - [17] , thermal decomposition [18] [19] , and hydrothermal [20] [21] . The most simple and common technique is co-precipitation [22] [23] . This method is reproducible, simple and cheap, and it gives high yields result. Most of the researchers reported the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles rather than maghemite nanoparticles.
Even many efforts have been made towards the synthesis of stable magnetic nanoparticles suspension, it still presents a significant challenge. The stability of the magnetic nanoparticles suspension is the most important parameter in the preparation of this material. In this paper, maghemite nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method at various temperatures and characterized by a numerous of analytical techniques. The stability of maghemite nanoparticles suspensions was evaluated by observing their particle size distribution with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements.
2. Material and Methods
The chemical reagents used in this research were ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3∙6H2O), ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2∙4H2O), and ferric nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O). These chemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) 28%, nitric acid (HNO3) 65%, and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 37% were purchased from Merck Chemical. The solvent used for all the experiments were deionized water with the resistivity of around 15 MΩ/cm. All reagents were analytical grade and were used as received without further purification. Five samples were prepared with various temperatures, labeled as S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 for temperatures of 50˚C, 60˚C, 70˚C, 8˚C, and 90˚C, respectively.
The solutions of ferric chloride and ferrous chloride using molar ratio 2:1 were mixed. Then, ammonium hydroxide solution was added to the solution with vigorous stirring at 270 rpm using a Wise Stir direct driven stirrer HS-50A for 20 minutes at room temperature. A black precipitate formed immediately and separated from the solution and washed several times by deionized water. The precipitate was then stirred for 10 minutes in 10 M nitric acid solution. The precipitate washed several times and then oxidized to maghemite at various temperatures ranging from 50˚C to 90˚C for 30 minutes using ferric nitrate solution. Brown precipitate was isolated from solution and then washed and peptized thoroughly with deionized water.
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted using a Philips X’Pert MPD X-Ray Diffractometer, with copper source (λ = 1.54056 Å) with a scan range of 20˚ - 80˚ 2θ angle at a step of 0.05˚ and a count time of 5 s at each step. The morphology and physical size of the particles were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The images were taken using a Leo LIBRA transmission electron microscope operated at 120 kV. The magnetic property of the maghemite was measured by an Alternating Gradient Magnetometer (MicroMag, model 2900) with applied fields of ±10 kOe at room temperature. Thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) was performed to investigate the thermal behavior of the samples. TGA analysis was performed from ambient temperature to 1000˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/min. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the nanoparticles suspension were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern Zetasizer 3000 HS at 25˚C.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Maghemite Nanoparticles Characterization
The XRD patterns of all samples are shown in Figure 1. The patterns display well-defined peaks that clearly indicate the crystallinity of the samples. The reflection peaks in the pattern were indexed to face center cubic (fcc)
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Figure 1. XRD patterns of maghemite nanoparticles for samples: (a) S50; (b) S60; (c) S70; (d) S80; and (e) S90.
phase with lattice parameters ranging from 8.334 to 8.368 Å. These lattice parameters are in good agreement with the bulk lattice parameter of maghemite (a = 8.3474 Å) [24] . The crystallite size of the nanoparticles was calculated from the XRD line broadening using Scherrer’s equation. The crystallite sizes are 16.2, 15.4, 13.7, 11.6, and 10.3 nm for S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 samples, respectively. It is shown that the crystallite sizes of nanoparticles are gradually reduced if the temperature is rises.
The shape and particle size distribution of maghemite nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as shown in Figure 2. It is clearly shown that the maghemite particles have a spheroidal shape. The sizes of the particles were measured from about 100 particles. The particle sizes are 17.8, 16.9, 15.6, 12.4, and 9.6 nm for S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 samples, respectively. There are a little bigger ‘particles’ which are created to be aggregates. It may be due to long-range magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between the particles. This average physical size is in good relationship with the crystallite size achieved from XRD measurement indicating that the particles are largely monocrystals.
The magnetization curves for all samples are shown in Figure 3. It is clear that the magnetization curves do not display coercivity and remanence which indicates that the samples are superparamagnetic. The saturation magnetization values of maghemite nanoparticles at room temperature for all samples are 34.3, 32.2, 30.8, 27.5, and 25.5 emu/g for S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 samples, respectively. These values are lower than that of bulk maghemite (74 emu/g) due to the crystallite size of maghemite particles are in nanosize range. This phenomenon is usually happened in nanoparticles interacting systems. The decrease of magnetization can be ascribed to surface effects arising from broken symmetry and reduced synchronization of atoms lying at the surface of maghemite nanoparticles. Moreover, it also caused by a high degree of interparticle interactions [25] .
TGA curves of the maghemite nanoparticles at different temperatures are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that the curves exhibit similar weight loss behavior and display two weight losses steps. The initial weight loss starts from the ambient temperature to 200˚C and the final weight loss is within the temperature range of 210 to 450˚C. The initial weight loss is associated with the evaporation of absorbed water and crystalline water from the sample. The final weight loss might be attributed to the volatilization of the remainder bonding water in the sample which will evaporate at water critical temperature of 374˚C. No further significant weight loss or gain is found in the temperature range of 450˚C to 1000˚C, indicating crystalline of maghemite has been formed entirely.
The temperature stability (Ts) for all samples when maghemite completely formed are 530˚C, 515˚C, 505˚C, 490˚C, and 460˚C for S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 samples, respectively. It can be seen that the temperature stability decreases with increasing temperature of synthesis. This indicate that sample with the higher temperature is stabilized earlier than other samples.
3.2. Stability Characterization
The particle size distributions of maghemite nanoparticles suspension achieved from dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement are shown in Figure 5. The particles sizes are 193.5, 130.9, 105.2, 77.2 and 58.2 nm for S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 samples, respectively. It indicated that the particles size decrease with the increasing of temperature. It is also displayed that the particle sizes obtained are larger than the TEM results. The DLS
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(d) (e)
Figure 2. TEM images of maghemite nanoparticles for samples: (a) S50; (b) S60; (c) S70; (d) S80; and (e) S90.
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Figure 3. Magnetization curves of maghemite nanoparticles for samples.
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Figure 4. TGA thermograms of maghemite nanoparticles for samples.
measure the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles in the suspensions, which is the diameter of the particles and their surrounding layer, while TEM measure the physical size of the particles themselves.
Since the stability of suspension is related to its electrokinetics properties, therefore, the study of electrophoretic behavior through measurement of zeta potential becomes compulsory for understanding the stability of suspension [26] . It is recognized that nanoparticles suspensions become stable with a zeta potential value higher than ±30 mV. The zeta potentials of maghemite nanoparticles suspension are shown in Figure 6. The values of zeta potentials are 30.1, 31.2, 36.3, 39.6, and 41.7 mV for S50, S60, S70, S80, and S90 samples, respectively. These values indicate that the maghemite nanoparticles suspensions are stable.
4. Conclusion
Stable maghemite nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method at various temperatures. The patterns obtained from XRD show well define peaks which clearly indicate that the samples are crystalline. They also reveal that the particles are confirmed maghemite. TEM observations and image analysis show that the maghemite nanoparticles have the spherical morphology and small size particles. Magnetization curves show that maghemite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. The particles show good thermal stability during thermogravimetry analysis. The increasing temperatures in the synthesis of maghemite nanoparticles can produce smaller size, lower magnetization, better thermal properties, and more stable maghemite nanoparticles.
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Figure 5. DLS measurement of maghemite nanoparticles suspensions for samples.
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Figure 6. Zeta potential of maghemite nanoparticles suspensions samples.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia under Fundamental Research Project no. 047/PL20/R8/SP2-PF/ PL/2015.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.