The present work has been carried out on polyherbal formulation named as Linkus Syrup. The herbal formulation consists of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hyssopus officinalis, Piper longum and Alpinia galangal. The Linkus syrup physico-chemical evaluation such as pH, density, identification of polysaccharide, tanning agents, ascorbic acid and shelf life was complied. The TLC and quantitative determination of alkaloid were quantified. Determination of biomarker has been validated for the analysis of vasicine. The study result revealed that Linkus syrup formulation was well standardized at different levels such as physic-chemical consistency and assay of bio marker compound.
Cough is one of the most common symptoms for which patients seek medical attention from primary care physicians and pulmonologists [
Cordia latifolia [
Herbs were bought through Supply Chain Department of the Herbion Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited, Karachi from the local market. All samples were stored in dark at 23˚C. The herbs utilized in Linkus syrup were morphologically compared with the authentic specimen available at QC department of Herbion Pakistan Pvt. Ltd., they details are as follows, Adhatoda vasica reference No. B18, Glycyrrhiza glabra reference No.M4, Piper longum reference No. F1, Viola odorata reference No. B2, Hyssopus officinalis reference No.Z1, Alpinia galangal reference No. A2, Cordia latifolia reference No. S9, Althea officinalis reference No. K3, Zizyphus vulgaris reference No.U3, Onosma bracteatum reference No. B1. These herbs have also been authenticated and verified by Prof. Dr. Iqbal Azhar, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi. and chemically for biomarker of some herbs. All the other chemicals and reagents were of pure analytical grade and obtained from local supplier.
With extensive literature review and traditional knowledge research and development department of Herbion Pakistan Pvt. Limited was successfully developed the formulation for cough and cold which named as Linkus Syrup.
All herbs were tested for their prescribed part, macro and microscopic descriptions, identification, chemical assays, foreign matter, total ash, Acid insoluble ash, alcohol and water soluble part of extract. These properties with specifications were listed in
Each herb was extracted individually in vacuum jacketed extractor with water five times to the amount of herb taken. Stir for 10 minutes and then start heating. Heat to boil. The temperature should be from 100˚C - 110˚C. Then slow down the temperature to 80˚C - 90˚C. Amount of the herb, extraction time and percent yield are mentioned in the
625 liter deionized water was took in manufacturing tank. Heated and boil for 40 to 45 minutes. When boiling
. The herbs used, quantity and pharmacological actions
S.No | Active ingredients | Common name | Quantity* | Pharmacological Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 | Adhatoda vasica (dry leaves Extract) | Arusa | 600 mg | Bronchodilator and expectorant, use in breathlessness |
02 | Glycyrrhyza glabra (Dry root extract) | Mulaithi | 75 mg | Anti-inflammatory and it reduces inflammation of the respiratory tract, relieve a spasmodic cough |
03 | Piper longum (Dry fruit extract) | Piplamol | 100 mg | Prevents recurrent attacks of bronchial asthma, immune-modulator activity, anti-allergic |
04 | Viola odorata (Dry fruit extract) | Banafsha | 25 mg | Expectorant |
05 | Hyssopus officinalis (Dry leaves extract) | Zufa | 50 mg | antiseptic, cough reliever, and expectorant, soothing and cough suppressant properties. antibacterial activity against S. aureus |
06 | Alpinia galanga (Dry root extract) | galangal | 50 mg | Cough and respiratory troubles, cold, flu, lung diseases, phlegm |
07 | Cordia latifolia (Dry fruit extract | Lasorda | 100 mg | against H. influenzae |
08 | Althea officinalis (Dry extract of flower) | Khatmi | 100 mg | cough suppression, bronchodilator activity |
09 | Zizyphus jujuba (Dry fruit extract) | 100 mg | colds and coughs, antibacterial, antiseptic properties, produced sound sleep | |
10 | Onosma bracteatum (Dry leaves Extract) | 100 mg | bronchitis and asthma, restlessness antibacterial activity against S. aureus |
*amount of herb used in the preparation of 10 ml syrup.
. Specification and analytical method of raw material used in Linkus syrup by quality operation
Name of the Herbs | Drug Parts | Description | Identification | Assay | Foreign Matter | Total ASH | Acid Insoluble Ash | Alcohol Soluble Extraction | Water Soluble Extraction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adhatoda vasica | dried leaves | Macroscopic and Microscopic | By TLC Spot observed | About 1.3% of alkaloids as vascine by HPLC | NMT 2.0% | NMT 17.0% | NMT 1.0% | NLT 6.0% | NLT 27.0% |
Glycyrrhyza glabra | Rhizome dark brown to black brown extract | Soluble in Water | Through taste: Sweetish bitter (Organoleptic) | Glycyrrhizin content present in Gylcyrrhiza glabra by HPLC | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Piper longum | Fruiting spikes | Macroscopic | Spot observed by TLC | NLT 5% of Piperinre by HPTLC | NMT 2.0% | NMT 8.0% | NMT 1.0% | NLT 9.0% | NLT 35.0% |
Viola odorata | Dried leaves | Viola has characteristic odor | Macroscoipc (As per Flora of Pakistan page # 4) | --- | NMT 3.0% | NMT 15.0% | --- | --- | --- |
Hyssopus officinalis | Flowering tops | Macroscopic. Microscopic | Spot observed by TLC | --- | NMT 2% | NMT 10% | NMT 2.5% | water soluble extractive: NLT 10% | --- |
Alpinia galanga | Dried rhizome | Macroscopic and Microscopic | ---- | --- | NMT 2.0% | NMT 2.0% | ---- | NLT 6.0% | NLT 13.0% |
Cordia latifolia | Ddried fruit | Macroscopic | ---- | --- | NMT 2.0% | NMT 3.0% | NMT 1.0% | --- | --- |
Althea officinalis | Dried seeds | Macroscopic and Microscopic | --- | --- | NMT 2.0% | NMT 8.0% | NMT 1.5% | NLT 10.0% | NLT 18.0% |
Zizyphus jujuba | Dried mature fruit of | Macroscopic and Microscopic | --- | ---- | NMT 1.0% | NMT 4.5% | NMT 0.2% | NLT 25.0% | NLT 45.0% |
Onosma bracteatum | Ddried leaves and stem | Macroscopic and Microscopic | --- | --- | NMT 2.0% | NMT 26.0% | NMT 4.0% | NLT 1.0% | --- |
. Extraction of Linkus syrup herbs
Herb | Herb Quantity | Quantity of Thick Extract | Extraction Time | Percent Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adhatoda vasica Nees. | 18.0 kg | 3.60 kg | 1 hour | 20.0% |
Piper longum L. | 3.0 kg | 0.75 kg | 20 minutes | 25.00% |
Cordia latifolia L. | 3.0 kg | 0.75 kg | 20 minutes | 25.00% |
Althaea officinalis L. | 3.0 kg | 0.75 kg | 20 minutes | 25.00% |
Zizyphus vulgaris Lam. | 3.0 kg | 0.75 kg | 20 minutes | 25.00% |
Onosma bracteatum Wall | 3.0 kg | 0.75 kg | 20 minutes | 25.00% |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | 2.3 kg | 0.56 kg | 15 minutes | 24.30% |
Alpinia galanga (L.) Wild. | 1.5 kg | 0.37 kg | 10 minutes | 24.60% |
Hyssopus officinalis L. | 1.5 kg | 0.37 kg | 10 minutes | 24.60% |
Viola odorata L. | 0.8 kg | 0.19 kg | 10 minutes | 23.70% |
was started, add 1750 kg sugar slowly with constant stirring. Continue heating with constant stirring till it became homogenize syrup. Separately dissolved Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Citric acid and Glycerin in 83 liter deionized Water, mixed, heat and boiled thoroughly. Mix this solution to the homogenized syrup and stirred for 20 minutes. Took 416 Liters of Purified water in jacketed kettle and add to it 73.75 kg combine extract. Heat till it was fully dissolved and then filter the solution. add the filtered solution to homogenized syrup prepared previously, stirred and mix for 20 min. After mixing, allow the syrup to cool down by chilled water circulation. Circulation was continued until the temperature of the syrup reached to “room temperature”. Mixed the flavors like Peppermint Oil, Clove Oil and Propylene glycol, then made up the volume of syrup to 1250 liters with deionized water. Afterward allow final mixing by stirring for half an hour. This process represented here in
Brown color syrup was prepared with characteristic odor, having pH in between 3.0 - 6.0, and density 1.25 - 1.35 g/cm3. Identification of polysaccharides, tanning agent, and ascorbic acid were performed by test tubes method. While the identification of vasicine was done by TLC.
Brown color viscosity syrup with characteristic odor, Determination was conducted visually.
Dissolved 10 ml of syrup in 100 ml of water. Filtered and determine pH potentiometrically Standard: 3.0 - 6.0
Determination was conducted by SP XII method 3 and it was according to Standard: 1.25 to 1.35 g/cm3.
Placed 5 ml of the preparation to a flat-bottomed 50 ml flask. Added 20 ml of 96% spirit and mixed; precipitated suspension was formed (polysaccharides). Left the obtained solution for 1 hour for layer separation and filter carefully through the folded paper filter (Solution А).
Added 3 drops of Ferric chloride solution to 3 ml of the solution A. After shaking greenish-yellow coloring appears (tanning agents). To 3 ml of A solution added 3 drops 0.1% spirit solution of sodium 2.6-dichlorfeno- lindofenolite solution had a reddish-violet coloring at mixing (ascorbic acid).
. Manufacturing of Linkus syrup
Ingredients for 1 lot | Quantity | Unit |
---|---|---|
Active | ||
Thick combined Extract | 73.75 | Kg |
Excipient | ||
Sucrose | 1750 | Kg |
Anhydrous citric acid | 5 | Kg |
Methyl Paraben | 2.5 | Kg |
Propyl Paraben | 0.5 | Kg |
Glycerin | 25 | Lit |
Propylene glycol | 2.5 | Lit |
Peppermint oil | 0.9375 | Lit |
Clove oil | 0.3125 | Lit |
Purified water | Up to 1250 | Lit |
Preparation of 0.1% Alcohol Solution of Sodium 2, 6-Dichlorphenolindophenolat
Placed 0.1 g of sodium 2, 6-dichlorphenolindophenolyat in 100 ml of measuring retort and dissolve it in 30 ml of 96% ethyl alcohol and then made up the volume with 96% ethyl alcohol. Shelf life of solution was 1 month
Applied 0.05 ml of solution I to chromatographic plate “Silica gel 60 F254” (size 10 × 20 cm manufactured by Merck) in the form of spot. Dry the plate in hot air for 5 minutes and placed it in the chamber preliminary saturated for 1 hour with a mixture of the following solvent: 96% alcohol : chloroform : hydrous ammonia (30:19:1).
When the front of solvents was reached the plate edge, took it out from the chamber and dried in a drying oven for З minutes at 100˚C. Then apply Dragendorff reagent to the plate. 1 reddish pink color spot (vasicine) was shown on the plate in UV light at wave length 254 nm Rf (0.4).
The physicochemical and organoleptic parameters so generated for standardization were further determined by HPLC and UV spectrophotometers as mentioned by using colorimeter.
About 12 g (exact weight, with accuracy to 0.0001 g) (about 10 ml) of preparation was placed in a 100 ml dividing funnel. Added 1 ml of hydrous ammonia, mixed then adds 20 ml of water and mixed again. Added 25 ml of chloroform to the obtained solution in the funnel. Shake carefully for 3 minutes. After full division of layers. Filtered lower chloroform layer through the paper filter with anhydrous sodium sulfate (about 10 g) in 500 ml round-bottomed flask.
Repeated extraction procedure 4 times more using 25 ml portions (5 times in total). Collected chloroform layers in 500 ml round bottom flasks... Combined chloroform extraction steamed to dryness on a water bath under vacuum. The dry residue was dissolved in 3 ml of 96% alcohol (Solution 1).
Transferred 1 ml of solution 1 to 50 ml volumetric flask. Added 1 ml of hydrous ammonia and made up the mixture volume with 96% alcohol to the mark. To 2 ml of the obtained solution add 10 ml of 96% alcohol and mixed.
Absorbance was measured on 302 nm by using 96% spirit as blank solution.
Total alkaloids were calculated as vasicine in percentage (X) through below formula:
where:
D = Optical density of the tested solution;
m = weight of preparation in grams;
430 = Specific parameter of vasicine absorption.
About 12 g (exact weight) of preparation placed in a 100 ml dividing funnel. Added directly 20 ml of water, and 3 ml of hydrous ammonia, then carefully mixed the contents. The organics were extracted with 50 ml of chloroform (3 times in total). Combined chloroform extraction evaporated to dryness under vacuum. Dissolved the dry residue in 20 ml of mobile phase and transferred quantitatively into a 25 ml volumetric flask. The solution makeup to the mark with mobile phase. Filtered the obtained solution through a filter with pore size 0.45 µm and used for chromatography.
Placed about 50 mg (exact weight) of RSO vasicine standard solution in a 50 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in mobile phase.
The volume of the solution was brought up to the mark with mobile phase. Placed 1 ml of the obtained solution in a 25 ml volumetric flask and diluted with mobile phase to the mark. Filtered the obtained solution if necessary. Used fresh solution.
Chemical analysis
HPLC was performed using Agilent 1260 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Chromatographic separation and detection of samples were performed.
Chromatography conditions—liquid chromatograph with UV detector.
Column—chromatography column µ BondapakTM C18 10 µm 125˚A 3.9 × 300 mm or equivalent.
Mobile phase—degassed mixture consisting of acetonitrile: 0.1 M phosphate buffer: glacial acetic acid (15: 85: 1 v/v).
Flow rate—0.7 ml/min.
Wave length—300 nm.
Column temperature—room temperature.
Vasicine content in Linkus Syrup should not be less than 0.3 mg per 10 ml was calculated by the following formula:
f—0.838 conversion factor of vasicine Hydrochloride to vasicine
ASMP—Mean value of peak area of tested solution samples
ASTD—Mean value of peak area of standard solution samples
WSMP—Preparation weight, mg
WSTD—Standard weight, mg
P—Percent purity of standard sample, %
D—Density of syrup
5.68 gm of sodium di-hydrogen phosphate and 3.63 gm potassium di-hydrogen phosphate transferred to 1000 ml volumetric flask, added 100 ml of water and mixed. Brought the solution volume to the mark with water [
After evaluating the above parameters the preparation of Linkus syrup was established.
Standardization of biologically active material in the poly herbal formulation and quantitative analysis cover identification of chemical components where as quantitative assay measure the identification and level of bio-
. Different physico-chemical parameters
Parameters | Method/Norms |
---|---|
Appearance | Brown color viscosity syrup with characteristic odor. Determination was conducted visually. |
PH | 3.0 - 6.0 |
Density | 1.25 to 1.35 g/cm3 |
Originality | |
Polysaccharides | Qualitative reactions with: With of 96% spirit Should be precipitate suspension was formed |
Tanning agents | With of Ferric chloride solution 3% Should be appears of greenish-yellow coloring |
Ascorbic acid | With of spirit solution of sodium 2.6-dichlorfenolindofenolite Appeared reddish-violet coloring |
Alkaloid vasicine determination | TLC, 1 reddish pink color spot (vasicine) was shown on the plate after treatment with Dragendorff reagent in UV light at wave length 254 nm |
Methylparahydroxybenzoat Propylparahydroxybenzoat | HPLC, Periods of 2 main peaks retention should match to peaks retention periods of on standard solutions |
Quantitative determination | |
Total alkaloids | Spectrophotometric determination , Total alkaloids calculated as vasicine should not be less than 0.035% and not more than 0.07% |
Methylparahydroxybenzoat Propylparahydroxybenzoat | HPLC, Methylparahydroxybenzoate 9.0 - 11.0 mg/10 ml of preparation Propylparahydroxybenzoate 1.8 - 2.2 mg/10 ml of preparation |
marker in the extract establish the standard of that particular compound for validation. Linkus is a poly herbal formulation manufactured by Herbion Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited. In order for the standardization of the procedure of the finished product and there in the five different herbal drugs of different batches were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. The drugs in the Linkus are Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hyssopus officinalis, Piper longum and Alpinia galangal. The formulation organoleptic characteristics such as identification by TLC, assay of alkaloid content, foreign matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol; soluble extraction and water soluble extraction are adequately presented in
If these analytical profiles compared with the work of Modi et al. where Zeal cough syrup employing physico-chemical test and bioassay marker compounds agree with quality and potency [
In this study for medicinal plants component, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hyssopus officinalis, Piper longum and Alpinia galangal were formulated for the indication of anti-tussive activity. The physico chemical and organoleptic parameter data so generated were recorded for standardization. TLC was carried out on the aqueous extract and Rf value (0.4) of vasicine as raddish pink spot on exposure to Draggendroff and UV was realized. Quantitative and spectrophotometric estimation of alkaloid was found between the range of 0.035% to 0.07%. Determination of vasicine as biomarker by HPLC in linkus syrup determined as 0.3 mg per 10 mL. The analytical profile of linkus syrup and there in vasicine have been validated to proved that linkus syrup in different batches confirmed the verification. Further study on Linkus syrup is being carried out to determine the efficacy as anti-tussive agent and will be reported elsewhere. The following animal model of cough was used to investigate the anti- tussive potential of Linkus. Healthy Wistar albino rats were treated orally with the recommended doses of Linkus. After 15 minutes, they were individually placed in a closed Plexiglass chamber (20 × 10 × 10 cm) and exposed to citric acid inhalation (0.1 g/ml) for 7 minutes. The cough reflexes were counted for the last 5 minutes and compared with those of the control animals. The results obtained showed good responses.